从“重写”到“本体论”--文化人类学视野下的狩猎采集社会研究

From“Revision”to“Ontology”:The Study of the Hunter-Gatherer Society from the Perspective of Cultural Anthropology

狩猎采集社会是人类社会中极为重要的一种社会形态。在20世纪60年代前后以生态与适应、生计与经济、世界观与象征分析等议题为主要研究内容的文化人类学中,狩猎采集社会都是学术关怀的核心所在。20世纪末的“重写”思潮对传统狩猎采集社会研究进行反思,这种不同的研究视角和近期人类学的“本体论转向”使得狩猎采集社会研究重新焕发生机。尽管狩猎采集社会在地球上日渐减少,但人类学对狩猎采集社会的相关研究却在近几十年间恢复勃勃生机。这是因为人类学家发现,现代人可以从狩猎采集社会中获得启迪。在未来的研究中,人类学研究者应更多关注变迁中的狩猎采集社会及其宇宙观的价值,为中国乃至世界的边缘民族研究拓展出新的视野与方向。

The hunter-gatherer society is an important social form of human society.In cultural anthropology,which focuses on such subjects as ecology and adaptation,livelihood and economy,and world outlook and symbolic analysis,the hunter-gatherer society was a core concern of the discipline around the 1960s.At the end of the 20th century,the“revisionist”trend began to reflect on the traditional studies of the hunter-gatherer society.This different research perspective,together with the“ontological turn”occurring recently in anthropology,has rejuvenated the study of the hunter-gatherer society.Although the number of hunter-gatherer societies on Earth is decreasing,anthropological studies on them have prospered in recent decades.This is because anthropologists have found that modern people can draw enlightenment from the hunter-gatherer society.In future,anthropological researchers should pay more attention in their studies to the changing hunter-gatherer societies and the values of their cosmology so as to broaden the horizon of and point out a new direction for the study of marginal peoples conducted both in China and abroad.