网络互助的理论属性探讨

A Discussion on Theoretical Attribute of Network Mutual Assistance

本文通过梳理互助的实践定义和法律定义,提出互助的规范性定义应包括"明确契约""特定需求""非盈利性""独立组织"等关键词。将互助与社会保障、商业保险、相互保险和众筹等其他保障方式比较后,提出互助是各种保障方式的有力补充。网络互助基于互联网将传统互助的范围拓展至陌生人,失去了"熟人社会"的相互监督;仍采用传统互助的游戏规则,存在较为严重的逆选择和道德风险;虽采用互联网手段降低费用,但测算显示总体保费负担并不具有明显优势。同时,网络互助与国外的P to P或交互保险等互助模式完全不同,后两者已被明确为商业保险的有力补充,而网络互助还在探索之中。如今,网络互助的体量越来越大,继续基于互联网进行不断创新,也迫切需要监管机构的重视与规范。

Through sorting out the practical definition and legal definition of mutual assistance,this paper proposes that the normative definition of mutual assistance should include"clear contract","specific demand","non-profit nature","independent organization"and other key words.After comparing mutual assistance with other security models such as social security,commercial insurance,mutual insurance and crowdfunding,it holds that mutual assistance is a powerful supplement to the existing guarantees.Based on the Internet,network mutual assistance extends the scope of traditional mutual assistance to strangers and loses the mutual supervision of"acquaintance society".However,it still adopts the game rules of traditional mutual assistance.As a result,network mutual assistance has serious adverse selection and moral hazard.Although the use of Internet means reduces costs,the calculation shows that network mutual assistance′s overall insurance premium burden does not have an obvious advantage.At the same time,network mutual assistance is completely different from P2 P and Reciprocal Insurance Exchange in foreign countries.The latter have been clearly defined as a powerful supplement to commercial insurance,while network mutual assistance remains to be explored.Nowadays,the business volume of network mutual assistance is getting larger and larger in China,and is seeking innovation based on the Internet,which calls for the attention of and regularization by regulators.