和平一体论:多面相的中世纪和平

Peace as Integration:The Many Sides of Medieval Peace

目前,学术界对于中世纪和平的研究陷入了各种误区之中,致使其与中世纪的社会现实相脱钩。事实上,在欧洲中世纪早期,“和平”是一个语义丰富的词汇,它与协定、条约、协议、博爱、友爱密切相关。和平的理念深刻影响着世俗王侯的政治行为,协定成为解决政治和法律争端的最普遍的机制,欧洲也共享着同一种协定语言;教会以“上帝的和平”与“上帝的休战”的方式推进基督教博爱社会的议程;民间出现了各种形式的和平行会及城市公社和平运动,其目标是建立平等性与互惠性的联盟。总体而言,中世纪的和平具有高度的一体性,然而,这种一体性也强调排他性和敌对性。这对欧洲历史产生了深远的影响。

The academic research on medieval peace has fallen into various misunderstandings,resulting in a disconnection from the social reality of the middle ages.In fact,in early medieval Europe,the“pax(peace)”was a word with rich meanings.It was closely related to pact(pactio),treaty(foedus),agreement(concordia),brotherhood(fraternitas)and love(caritas).The idea of peace had a profound impact on the political behavior of secular princes.Pact became the most pervasive framework for settling political and legal conflicts,a shared language of pacts came to a trait shared by all European societies.The church promoted an agenda of Christian fraternity society by means of“the Peace of God”and“the Truce of God”.Various forms of peace guilds and commune peace movement were emerged among the people,whose goal were to establish associations of equality and reciprocity.On the whole,medieval peace was strongly integrative,but the integration required an emphasis on exclusion and enmity.This has had a profound impact on European history.