美国高校个性化专业的价值取向、特征与保障机制

The Value Orientation,Characteristics and Guarantee Mechanism of Individualized Majors in Universities and Colleges in the U.S.

为充分满足学生独特的学习需求,美国高校普遍开设个性化专业,鼓励学生在现有专业体系之外创建新的学习方案。个性化专业充分发挥学生在专业设置中的主体作用,形成"自下而上"的专业生成机制,是"学习自由"权利在本科人才培养微观层面的现实观照。具有内在关联的跨学科课程体系是个性化专业学习方案的核心构成。在个性化专业的运行过程中,教师成为学生学习的指导者、合作者与支持者,学生成为具有创新精神的主动的学习者。个性化专业的价值发挥需要高度的专业设置自主权、完善的学分制、丰富共享的课程资源以及专门负责机构等特定条件的支持,在学习和借鉴过程中要因时因地制宜。

In order to satisfy the special learning needs of students,colleges and universities in the United States generally offer individualized majors to encourage students to create new learning programs beyond the existing major system.Individualized majors,which will put students’subjectivity into full exertion in terms of major setting and will develop a"bottom-up"major generative mechanism,is a realistic reflection of the right to the"freedom of learning"at the micro-level of undergraduate talent training.The core component of individualized majors learning programs is the internally connected interdisciplinary curriculum system.In the operation of individualized majors,teachers become guiders,collaborators,and supporters,students become independent learners with innovative spirit.Some essential elements are needed for realizing the value of individualized majors,such as a high degree of autonomy in majors setting,a mature credit system,rich and shared curriculum resources,and specialized and responsible institutions.It requires proper time and location in the process of referring this practice.