国土空间规划体系下美国区划管制实践对我国控制性详细规划改革的启示

The Enlightenment of Zoning Practice in the U.S. Under the National Land and Spatial Planning Framework to Chinese Regulatory Detailed Planning Reform

控规在过去的城市用地管制实践中存在诸多问题,已不能满足市场经济转轨和国土空间规划体系改革所要求的对城市空间用途的高效管制。本文以回顾控规的前身——美国区划管制的运行背景和发展为起点,从体系地位、法律效力、管制内容、实施程序等角度对美国区划管制(以纽约为例)与我国控规的已有实践进行对比,并结合新形势下国土空间规划体系改革对控规提出的新要求,从探索综合性"地块化"分区管制机制、探索多样化弹性管制工具、促进治理多元化、提升控规成果法律效力等方面提出未来控规的改革思路。

Urbanization in China has gradually entered a new era of transition toward high-quality development. The regulatory framework of urban land use master planning has shown some serious problems in controlling urban land uses and can no longer meet the demand for more efficiently controlling the uses of precious urban spaces called by the transformation of market economy and the reform in the National Land and Spatial Planning System. This paper starts from the review on the general background and development of zoning, a land use regulatory system in the U.S. and compares the zoning practice in the U.S., specifically in the City of New York, to the practices of the Urban Regulatory Land use Planning system in China in terms of regulatory status, legal effect, regulatory contents and implementation procedure. Looking forward, we present several new ideas for future reform in the Regulatory Detailed Planning, such as comprehensive land use control at a parcel level, diversity of regulations, enhanced legal effects of the existing land use controls, and diversity and flexibility of land use control measures to meet the new requirements of the National Land and Spatial Planning System reform under the new era of transition.