植物多病害抗病性研究现状与展望

Current Understanding and Future Challenging in the Study of Disease Resistance Against Multiple Pathogens in Plants

植物不断地接触各种微生物,其中部分微生物成为病原菌导致病害。病害在作物生产过程中导致的产量损失通常为10%~30%,严重时会导致毫无收成。控制作物病害最好的方法是利用抗病品种。对植物抗病机理的认识,有利于抗病品种的创新和合理布局。事实上,植物的抗病性依赖于其两个层次的先天免疫系统的及时激活。其中模式分子激发的免疫(PTI)可保护植物免于绝大部分潜在病原微生物的侵害,而效应子激发的免疫(ETI)则保护植物免于特定病原微生物中特定小种的侵害。由于一种植物常常受多种病原微生物的侵害,因此多病害抗病性显得尤为重要,如小麦中的Lr34和Lr67,抗白粉病、叶锈病和杆锈病,广泛用于抗病育种;又如拟南芥的RPW8,通过增强基础免疫介导抗多种病害。此外,免疫反应的调控基因常常具有多病害抗病特性。然而,我们对多病害抗病性的认识非常有限。因此,发掘新的多病害抗性基因、解析多病害抗病机理及其与生长发育之间的平衡机制意义重大。本文概述了多病害抗病性的研究进展、存在问题和可能的发展方向,以期抛转引玉,促进植物抗病分子机理的研究。

Plants constantly contact with various microbes,some of which become pathogenic and cause diseases.Crop losses due to diseases are typically 10% to 30% of the potential harvest.Severe disease outbreaks can result in no harvest at all.Therefore,disease control is critical for crop production.Exploitation of resistant varieties is the most efficient and eco-friendly way to control crop diseases.Understanding of disease resistance mechanisms could facilitate the development of resistant crops and the utilization of resistant cultivars.Disease resistance is achieved upon the timely activation of the two-layered plant innate immunity,i.e.pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).PTI prevents most potentially pathogenic microbes from invasion,whereas ETI endows plants with resistance to certain races of a pathogen that carries an avirulence effector recognized by a cognate resistance protein in plants.Since one crop confronts two or more pathogens,genes conferring resistance to multiple pathogens are highly valuable in crop breeding and production.Whereas wheat Lr34 and Lr67 can mediate resistance to powdery mildew,leaf rust,and stem rust,and have been widely applied in wheat disease-resistance breeding programs,Arabidopsis RPW8 exemplifies multiple disease resistance via boosting basal defense.Additionally,some immune regulators,such as non-coding RNAs,can modulate multi-disease resistance with growth and development.However,our understanding of multiple disease resistance is quite limited.Therefore,it is of significance to explore multi-disease resistance gene resources and dissect multi-disease resistance mechanisms and their balances with growth and development.Here we overview current understanding of the mechanism of multiple disease resistance in plants and prospect future research foci.