集群企业知识资产治理模式演化研究

A research on the evolution of intellectual property governance pattern in enterprise clusters

集群情境下,创新企业之间出现创新挤出,削弱了集群创新动力,迫使企业只能依靠自身知识资产治理的战略行动来填补制度的失效或缺位。本研究以桐庐制笔产业集群作为研究对象,通过纵向案例研究,探讨集群企业知识资产治理模式的形成及其演化逻辑,研究发现:第一,集群情境所特有的邻近性(包括地理、制度、认知等),使得基于独占性视角的产权制度治理知识资产过程中存在失效或缺位现象,整个集群陷入“近墨者黑”的恶性循环;第二,集群内创新企业通过“连横”“合纵”等制度创业策略,能动性选择、调整或重构集群企业知识资产治理的制度场域边界,推动基于合法性视角的本土化集群企业知识资产治理模式的形成与演化;第三,集群企业知识资产治理模式可分为基于专利法律的独占自治模式、基于社群规范的社群自律模式和基于多元制度的多元共治模式,从动态角度看,知识资产治理模式的形成与演化并非总是沿着同一路径,能动性、本土化成为模式演化的关键。

At present,relevant studies on Intellectual Property Governance are mainly focused on the view of appropriability,and the influence mechanism of Intellectual Property Governance is investigated from three aspects:isolation mechanism,appropriability regime and PFI.In cluster context,the proximity of network and the liquidity of innovation elements lead to the inefficacy of traditional Intellectual Property Governance on avoid the"free-rider",technology imitation,plagiarism infringing and such opportunism behavior,which also lead to the Intellectual Property Governance issues at the cluster level differences.The new technology,new equipment,new samples come out soon,competitors can occupy the market through simple imitation,reverse engineering methods with low cost.Enterprises that actually implement innovation investment and carry out innovation activities will not only fail to get the profit from innovation,but will even be squeezed out of the market by imitators.It is difficult for enterprises to maintain their enthusiasm for innovation,so it becomes a good choice for them to abandon innovation and imitate. In orderto solve this problem,some cluster enterprises and related governance institutions have been trying to construct and implementin line with the construction of formal and informal Intellectual Property Governance,such as " the alliance convention on IntellectualProperty Governance of Tonglu Pen Industry Cluster" " the safeguarding rights convention on Intellectual Property Governanceof Wenzhou Smoking Set Industry" and so on,which effectively supplement lack of national property rights regime,effectivelyregulate the productive and innovative behavior of enterprise.Some papers also find that when laws fail to effectively protect property rights,the governance subject of Intellectual Propertywill be extended from innovator to alliance,community and third - party institutions,etc. ,and the institutional arrangement ofIntellectual Property governance will also be extended from judicial regulation to a set of formal or informal institutional arrangementwith cluster field characteristics. So where did these institutions come from? How did it evolve? Previous studies of institutionaltheory focused on the role of subject behavior on the formation and evolution of field,and recently began to pay attention tothe role of collective behavior at the meso - level on field system. However,these studies and practical explorations are still relativelyscattered,and further theoretical and structural discussions are needed.To explore the form and evolution of Intellectual Property Governance pattern in cluster field,this paper chooses TongluWriting Instrument Cluster as the research object,conducts exploratory case study and draws three conclusions based on the institutionaltheory. First,In the industrial cluster,due to the high degree proximity among the peers,the defect site of the " propertyprotection" leads to the weak innovation of the cluster enterprises;Second,Innovative enterprises redefine and strength theboundary of the institutional field through the " horizontal" ," vertical" and other institutional entrepreneurship strategy,promotingthe Evolution of Cluster Intellectual Property Governance Patterns;Third,Based on dynamic perspective,The formation,growth and development of The Cluster Intellectual Property Governance Pattern such as Law - based Appropriability Pattern,Norm - based Community Self - discipline Pattern and Multi - governance Pattern based on muti - institution do not always followthe same path,which will evolve by way of spontaneous or artificial.This study attempts to make the following marginal contribution: First,based on the perspective of legitimacy,this researchconstructs the Intellectual Property Governance model in cluster field,which also provides a new theoretical perspective and exploresthe new means for Intellectual Property governance. Second,based on the evolutionary perspective,this research deeps theinstitutional entrepreneurship research,delineates the dynamic evolution of Intellectual Property Governance model,and put forwardthe new architecture of PFI logic.