法国知识空间中的《西游记》:从耶稣会士到泰奥多尔·帕威

The Journey to the West in the French Knowledge Space:From the Jesuits to Théodore Pavie

本文旨在以20世纪后半叶兴起的科学知识史角度来研究《西游记》在法国19世纪的知识空间里的位置。笔者追溯了从耶稣会士进入中国到法国大革命后现代学术体制建立这一历史进程中,从传教士汉学到体制语文学的诞生,西方主体看待中国的目光形成的经过。自耶稣会士进入中国传教以来直到19世纪初,欧洲的知识的范式逐渐形成,在其中解释自然发展(以林奈和布封为例)和研究人类精神(以孔狄亚克和孔多塞为例)的知识互相交织,乃至于在两者间难以画出一条清晰的界线。另一方面,王权和教权也逐步让位于相对独立的学术机构,从而提高了知识的形式化程度。西方首位体制汉学家雷慕沙的法兰西公学院就职演说就是上述现象的一个例证,该演说说明了当时的汉学知识正是处在如此的自然—人文知识型中。而以首位注意到《西游记》法国东方学家泰奥多尔·帕威为代表范例,笔者着力于揭示法国汉学界对于该小说的认识是如何被安置在19世纪法国的人文科学的整体场域里。在这个为历史进步论(人文知识)和科学人种观(自然知识)的思想所占领的场域,中国古典小说《西游记》被这两种主流思想排挤到了宏伟的知识地图的边缘地带。在对这段历史的叙述中,值得注意的不仅仅是知识话语的流通而衍变,也应该包括王权和教权的起落和学术体制的建立。

This article aims to reveal the place occupied by the Journey to the West in the intellectual sphere of nineteenth-century France,from the perspective of the history of science and knowledge that has developed since the second half of the twentieth century.The author describes the formation of the gaze of the Western subject,from the emergence of Jesuit proto-Sinology to the establishment of institutionalized knowledge,including the French Revolution.Indeed,from the arrival of the Jesuits in China until the beginning of the nineteenth century,the paradigm of knowledge was gradually constituted,where natural science(such as that of Linnaeus and Buffon)and human science(such as that of Condillac and Condorcet)intertwine in such a way that renders it difficult to establish a clear border between the two.And on the other hand,the monarchical and ecclesiastical powers give way to relatively autonomous educational institutions,where knowledge becomes more and more formalized.Witness the inaugural lesson of Jean-Pierre Abel Rémusat,first professor of Sinology at the Collège de France,which illustrates very well that the Sinological knowledge of the time was framed by the episteme described above.Taking for example Théodore Pavie,an orientalist who studied the novel in question for the first time,the author endeavors to highlight the way in which knowledge of the novel is placed in the general field of the human sciences of the time.In this field dominated by historical progressivism(more on the side of human science)and scientific racism(more on the side of natural science),the classical Chinese novel can only lurk on the sidelines of the splendid map of knowledge.In the history thus traced,attention is paid not only to the circulation and transformation of knowledge,but also to the rise and fall of spiritual and temporal powers,and to the institutionalization of the human sciences.