矛盾内蕴的“语怪”问题:“非语怪”传统发微——兼论《天问》“多奇怪之事”

The Issue of"Yuguai"Implied in Contradiction:An Exploration into the Tradition of"Fei Yuguai"——On the Strange Things in"Asking Heaven"

在经学内部,儒家关于“语怪”“不语”的争论从没真正平息过。无论怎样修正“不语”或“怪力乱神”的内涵,都未曾对“不语怪力乱神”这一立论前提的来龙去脉作发生学追溯;换句话说,儒家忙于争论其然却未问其所以然,对“子不语怪力乱神”问题进行阐释时却忽略了对“语怪”何以会成为一个问题进行反思。“儒家“不语怪力乱神”标尺确立之前的、没有“语怪”“不语怪”之分的传统,可称“非语怪”传统。从“非语怪”角度看待“语怪”,可知其有两部分构成,一是儒家“不语怪力乱神”标准观照下的“语怪”;一是儒家“不语怪”传统确立之前的“非语怪”传统下的“语怪”。但后一种“语怪”其实就是“非语怪”的。“语怪”“不语怪”(儒家立场)和“非语怪”(前儒家立场)是基于不同学术立场,对同一事物的不同划分和称呼。从非语怪传统,以《天问》为例即可理解语怪传统的内部矛盾。

Within the Confucian classics,the Confucian controversy about"Yuguai(Discussing Strange Phe⁃nomena"and"Fei Yuguai(Never Discussing Strange Phenomena)"has never really settled.No matter how to amend the connotations of"Fei Yuguai"or"strange phenomena,physical exploits,disorder or ghost stories",there is no genetic tracing back to the origin and development of the premise of"never discussing strange phenomena,physical exploits,disorder or ghost stories".In other words,the Confucianists focused on what it was,but did not ask why it was.They explained the problem of"The master never discussing strange phenomena,physical exploits,disorder or ghost stories",but neglected to reflect on why it had become a problem.Before the establishment of the Confucian standard of"Yuguai"and"Fei Yuguai",there is no distinction tradition between the two,and thus the tra⁃dition can be called"Fei Yuguai".Looking at"Yuguai"from the perspective of"Fei Yuguai",it can be seen that it has two parts.One is the"Yuguai"under the Confucian standard of"never discussing strange phenomena,physical exploits,disorder or ghost stories";the other is the"Yuguai"under the"Fei Yuguai"tradition before the establish⁃ment of the Confucian"Fei Yugua"tradition.But the latter kind of"Yuguai"is actually"Fei Yuguai"."Yuguai","Fei Yuguai"(Confucian position)and"Fei Yugua"(pre-Confucian position)are based on different academic posi⁃tions,different divisions and titles of the same thing.From the"Fei Yuguai"tradition,the internal contradictions of the"Yuguai"tradition can be understood by taking"Asking Heaven"as an example.