江西修水渣津赣语的十六调系统

The sixteen-tone system in the Gan dialect of Zhajin渣津area

本文报道一个已知调类数最多、入声分化最繁复的调系,赣语江西修水县渣津镇方言的十舒六入十六调系统。调类分合首先由发声态不同造成:假声增生导致阴去和阴入成为超高上域调;古次浊和古浊擦音声母音节的气声消失导致古阳调类只剩下古浊塞音声母字;气声增生导致次清分调,成为和古浊塞一样的下域调。此外,入声以古韵摄的[*-t/p]尾和[*-k]尾为条件分化为两类。本文还讨论了气声、送气与清浊的关系,提出“次清化浊”实质上是次清气化并入古全浊一步到位的过程,同时讨论了发声变化对北部赣语调类演化造成的影响。今浊音声母的多种语音形式及入声的多种变体和人际差异,显示出一个处在复杂而快速变动中的调系案例。

This paper investigates a tonal system of the largest tonotype inventory and the most complicated re-categorization of rusheng tones(or entering tones),a sixteen-tone system in the Gan dialect of Zhajin渣津(a town in the Xiushui修水county of Jiangxi province).The re-categorization(splitting and merger)of the eight Middle Chinese(MC)tones are induced by phonation differences at the first place.MC initials in yinqu阴去and yinru阴入tones are realized as in super-high-pitch tones residing in Upper Register due to the emerging of falsetto voice.Only the MC voiced stops are left in Lower Register after the loss of breathy voice in MC semi-voiced and voiced fricatives.Besides,MC semi-voiceless initials also turn to appear in Lower Register by the acquisition of breathy voice and are realized as in breathy tones.Furthermore,MC rusheng tones split in accordance to the MC*-p/t vs*-k coda differences.As for the relation between breathy voice,aspiration,and the feature of voiced or voiceless,it is proposed that the MC semi-voiceless aspirated initials became breathy thus sharing the same phonetic realization as voiced sounds.In addition,the impact of the phonation evolution on tonal evolution in northern Gan dialect is discussed as well.The various synchronic phonetic realizations of MC voiced initials,the variation of rusheng tones,and the individual speaking differences in Zhajin indicate that an extremely complicated tonal evolution is in progress within this area.