论《民法典》视阈中的占有保护

On the Possession Protection from the Perspective of Civil Code

《民法典》对占有提供全方位的体系性保护,主要包括物权编、合同编以及侵权责任编。物权编并未规定占有人的自力救济权,由此形成法律上的漏洞。占有之诉与本权之诉相互独立、互不排斥,占有之诉不能基于本权之诉的理由加以裁判。在第三人侵害占有这一点上,基于债权的占有人与基于他物权的有权占有人并无本质区别,均作为绝对权利,而无权占有则作为法益,同受侵权责任编的保护。侵害占有赔偿损失的范围因占有是否具有本权,以及是善意占有还是恶意占有,而有所不同。

The Civil Code provides a full range of systematic protection for possession,including the real right volume,the contract volume and the tort liability volume.The real right volume does not stipulate the possessor’s right of self-remedy,thus forming a legal loophole.The appeal of possession and the appeal of the original possession right are independent and not mutually exclusive,and the appeal of possession cannot be judged based on the justification of the appeal of the original possession right.In regard to possession by a third party,there is no essential difference between the possessor based on the obligatory right and the possessor based on the right over the property of another and both of them are regarded as absolute rights,while possession without right as a legal interest is protected by the tort liability volume as well.The scope of damages for infringement of possession varies with whether the possession is based on the original possession right and whether it is in good faith or in bad faith.