从集中作战到常态推进:2020年后扶贫机制的长效化

From Concentrated Operations to Normal Progress:the Long-term Effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation Measures after 2020

中国即将在2020年实现现行标准下农村人口的全部脱贫,此后扶贫工作将由集中作战调整为常态推进。精准扶贫政策的推进结合了官僚体制的常规运作与集中动员的机制,在较短时期内取得了显著成效。与此同时,由于集中作战的扶贫措施带有一定的时效性和权宜性,如何构建解决贫困问题的长效机制成为了今后巩固扶贫成果的关键。文章借助韦伯的官僚制理论,具体分析精准扶贫如何将集中动员机制嵌入到官僚制的日常运作中,并且指出动员模式在干部管理、产业发展可持续性、培养致富内生动力等方面的局限性。在贫困治理向常态化和长效化发展的过程中,应当重视建立一套可持续的制度,确保干部资源和贫困地区的对接,实现惠民政策的普遍化,建立对贫困状态的动态监测,提升农民的教育文化水平,发展因地制宜、与市场主体有机衔接的特色产业,并且实现扶贫政策干预与乡村文化的高度契合。通过扶贫长效机制的建立,能够有效缓解相对贫困带来的社会问题,实现农村人口的全面发展。

China is about to achieve the elimination of rural poverty under the current standards in 2020.After that,poverty alleviation work will be adjusted from concentrated operations to normal progress.The implementation of targeted poverty alleviation policies combined regular bureaucratic operations and the mechanism of campaign mobilization,and achieved remarkable results in a relatively short period of time.At the same time,due to the temporal and expedient nature of campaign-style measures,how to build a long-term mechanism to solve the poverty problem has become the key to consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation in the future.With the help of Weber's bureaucracy theory,this article analyzes how targeted poverty alleviation embeds campaign mobilization into daily bureaucratic operations,and points out the limitations of the mobilization model in terms of cadre management,rural business development,and the internalization of getting-rich motivations.As poverty management moves toward normalization and long-term development,we should attach importance to the establishment of a sustainable system to ensure the matching of cadre resources and poor areas,to distribute policy benefits universally,to establish dynamic monitoring of poverty,to improve rural education,to develop rural businesses that suit local conditions,and to achieve a high degree of agreement between policy intervention and rural culture.Through long-term poverty alleviation mechanisms,China can effectively alleviate the social problems caused by relative poverty and realize the comprehensive development of the rural population.