企业参与职业教育人才培养的现状与问题——基于88家企业286份《企业参与职业教育年报》的分析

Status and Problems of Enterprises’ Participation in Personnel Cultivation of Vocational Education——Based on Analysis of 286 “Annual Reports of Enterprise Participation in Vocational Education” from 88 Companies

以我国22个省(自治区、直辖市)参与高职人才培养3年以上、来自14个行业的88家企业的286份《企业参与职业教育年报》为分析样本,全面梳理企业参与职业教育人才培养的形式、成效和困境。结果发现:样本企业参与职业教育人才培养的形式多是为学校提供兼职教师、参与专业课程与教材建设、与学院共建实训基地、共同制定人才培养方案、赠送教学设备、教师到企业实习等中层次的项目式合作;企业反映的参与职业教育的困境触及了组织管理,专业、课程、教材,制度、政策、法律,学生,教师,企业自身,硬件投入及科研技术合作等方面,反映最强烈的问题有国家对企业参与职业教育缺乏全面的促进机制,政策需要细化和具体化、执行主体不明确、可操作性不强,企业投入在短期内没有直接的收益回报,科研、技术合作深度有待加深等。为此,应尽快建立市场经济条件下的校企合作的国家制度框架,着力解决政策供给高位与政策落实低位对比明显的问题,提高校企双方的组织管理水平,推动职业院校治理能力和治理体系现代化。

Based on the analysis of 286"Annual Reports on Enterprise Participation in Vocational Education"from 88 companies in 14 industries in 22 provinces and municipalities in China, this paper comprehensively present the mode, effect and dilemma of companies to participate in personnel cultivation of higher vocational education. It found that the sample companies participated in vocational education talent training in the forms of providing part-time teachers for schools, participating in construction of majors, courses and textbooks, cobuilding training bases with the college, jointly developing personnel training programs, gifting teaching equipment, and supporting teachers internship in enterprises. The plight of enterprises participating in vocational education touches on organizational management, majors, courses, textbooks, systems, policies, laws, student, teachers, corporates, hardware investment, scientific research and technical cooperation, etc. To solve these problems, it is necessary to establish a national institutional framework for school-enterprise cooperation under the conditions of a market economy as soon as possible to resolve the obvious contrast between high levels of policy supply and low levels of policy implementation, improve the organizational management of both schools and enterprises to promote the management ability of vocational colleges and the modernization of management system.