汉魏皇帝征召的礼仪、程序与互动--以管宁为中心

The Emperor ZhengZhao System’Etiquette、Procedures and Interaction in Han and Wei Dynasties

汉魏时期,皇帝征召作为皇权的延伸,既是一条选官途径,又是皇帝与士人的互动方式。皇帝通过礼仪等差、授官高低、授官程序表达对士人的优礼,传达政治意图。作为回应,士人则以应对征召的态度与方式,表达政治态度、处世立场。士人拒不就征反映其对皇权的反抗、对政治不满;而接受征召的内涵,则正与之相反。在接受征召与拒不就征之间,还存在着虚与委蛇的应对方式,反映士人既服从皇权又疏离政治的态度。而强征的存在,则反映了汉魏士人处于皇权控制之下的现实。

In Han and Wei Periods, Emperor drafting as an extension of imperial power, is not only a way of election officials, but also a political interaction between emperor and scholar-bureaucrats. The emperor expressed the courtesy of scholar-bureaucrats through the etiquette, the high and low of the officials, and the procedures of the officials. In response, the scholar-bureaucrats expressed their political attitude in an attitude and manner in response to the zhengzhao. It is a sign of their resistance to the imperial power and political dissatisfaction that scholar-bureaucrats refuse the emperor zhengzhao. At the same time, accepting zhengz is the opposite. In the between accepting and refusing, there is a way of ambiguous that reflect the scholar-bureaucrats to obedience imperial power and alienation from politics. The forcibly zhengzhao is a symbol that scholar-bureaucrats controlled by imperial power in Han and Wei periods.