现代欧洲公共博物馆发展史小考

Study on the History of European Public Museums

从最初的私人收藏行为到现在职能完备的公共博物馆体系,欧洲公共博物馆经历了漫长的发展历程,面对社会与时代的变化,虽几经周折,但持续发展,不断向多方面开拓自身职能。根据欧洲公共博物馆不同时期的存在形式与发展特点,按时间顺序将其发展史可以分为雏形时期(公元前3世纪至公元14世纪)、转型时期(14至18世纪)、繁荣时期(18世纪后半叶至20世纪初)及挫折与新发展时期(20至21世纪)四个阶段。时代与生产力的进步促使欧洲社会阶级的变动与人们思想的解放,从而使博物馆从最初具有学术性质的神庙,转变为满足上层阶级猎奇心理的奇珍屋,最后发展为现代公共性的博物馆。在此发展过程中,博物馆的收藏、研究与教育三大职能逐渐出现与完善,使其学术与社会价值得以充分发挥,并对我国博物馆当前发展所遇困境予以启发。

From private collection to public museum system with completed functions,European museums have experienced a long process of development.Despite the changes and challenges during different times,European museums have developed its own functions in various aspects constantly.According to the existences and characteristics of European museums in different period,the history of European museums can be divided into four stages in chronology order:embryonic period(from the 3rd century BC to the 14th century AD),transformation period(from the 14th to the 18th century),prosperity period(from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century)and frustration and new development period(from the 20th to the 21st century).The progress of the times and productive forces has contributed to the changes of social classes and the emancipation of people's minds in Europe.As a result,the museums have changed from academic temples to cabinets to satisfy curiosities of the upper class,and finally have developed into modern public museums.In the process of development,three functions of museums-collection,research and education-have gradually developed,which gave full play to the academic and social values of museums and provide inspiration for the development of museums in China today.