地下空间物权类型的再体系化“卡-梅框架”视野下的建设用地使用权、地役权与相邻关系

Resystemization of Real Rights of Underground Space Construction Land Use Rights,Easement and Adjacent Relations under the C&M Framework

土地空间根据建筑结构、设施用途与开发利用深度等标准有不同分类方式。土地空间开发利用的权利类型,依据有偿或无偿、法定或约定、权利行使为独占或非独占三组影响因素,组合排列出有偿出让的空间建设用地使用权、无偿划拨的空间建设用地使用权、约定有偿的空间役权、法定有偿的公共役权以及法定无偿的空间相邻关系,体现了利用人对于土地空间的不同需求,各种权利类型之间只存在强弱程度的差别。在公共轨道交通、矿业用地、地下油气管网、电网工程以及城市地下综合管廊等土地空间的开发实践中,需综合运用上述各种私法工具。在“卡-梅框架”视角下,建设用地使用权、地役权与相邻关系的保护模式为财产规则,公共役权保护模式为责任规则,分别实现最优效率或集体分配决策等规范目的,体现了国家权力的不同介入程度。

Land space will be classified differently depending on the standard of architectural structure,facility function and depth of development and utilization.According to whether it’s paid or not,pursuant to law or subjective to the agreement,exclusive or nonexclusive when exercising the right,the right to develop and utilize the land space can be listed as follows,space right to use construction land which is sold,space right to use construction land that is allocated,easements of space which should be paid by agreement,public easements supposed to be paid pursuant to law,adjacent relations for free by law.The varieties of the rights among which there only exists the distinction of the intensity degree reflect the different needs of the users as for the land space.In the land development practice of public rail transport,land use for mining industry,underground oil gas network,power grid project and underground pipeline colligate alure in cities,the mentioned private law tools should be made use of comprehensively.Under the“C&M Framework”,protection models of the right to use construction land,easements and the adjacent relations are consistent with property rules,while public easements are defined as liability rules.The respective model achieves the normative purpose of optimal efficiency or distributional decisions,thus reflecting the intervention degree of the state power.