扬弃市民社会:国家与治理——马克思国家理论与法哲学及其当代意义

Sublating the Civil Society:State and Governance——Marx's Theory of State and Right and Its Contemporary Significance

马克思关于国家与法的思考,是从对黑格尔法哲学的批判开始的,而其中最为重要的问题就是要处理市民社会与政治国家的关系问题。“市民社会”作为马克思早期的一个重要概念,具有“狭义”与“广义”之分:前者特指作为一种特定历史阶段即资本主义的物质关系与社会形态;后者是指作为所有社会阶段皆存在的上层建筑与意识形态建立于其之上的经济关系。马克思思想的形成过程,深刻体现了他对“市民社会”在两个方面上的扬弃:一是扬弃了对作为现实具体的存在而被“狭义”理解的“市民社会”,二是扬弃了作为理论分析工具而被“广义”理解的“市民社会”。而对前者的摒弃,对于马克思来说,既在于变革资本主义的生产关系,又在于打碎资本主义的国家机器。自由主义的法治理念和治理理念,与马克思的思想是根本不同的。马克思对于国家与法律的思考,对于我们今天中国特色社会主义法治理论体系与国家治理理论的建构具有十分重要的指导意义。

Marx's thoughts on state and law begins with the criticism of Hegel's philosophy of right.The most important issue is to deal with the relationship between civil society and political state.As an important concept in the early period of Marx,“civil society”is used in“narrow sense”and“broad sense”.The former refers to the material relations and social forms of capitalism as a specific historical stag,and the latter refers to the economic relationship existing in all social stages on which the superstructure and ideology are based.The forming process of Marx's thought lies in his sublation of“civil society”in two aspects:the first is to abolish the“civil society”which is understood in a“narrow sense”as a concrete reality,and the second is to discard the“civil society”as a tool of theoretical analysis.The rejection of the former,for Marx,lies in changing the capitalist relations of production and breaking up the capitalist state machinery.The liberal idea of the rule of law and the idea of governance are fundamentally different from Marx's thought.Marx's thoughts on state and law are of great significance to the construction of the theory system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and the theory of state governance.