民国时期教育思想家眼中的教师身份认同——对政治、学术、教育三类精英群体的个案考察

Educational Thinkers’Viewpoints on Teacher Identity in the Republic of China:A Case Survey for Three Types of the Educational Theorists in Political,Academic and Educational Circles

民国时期教育思想家的教师身份认同主张直接决定了当时的办学方针与办学实况,也间接影响了此间我国整个教育的发展总势。其共性在于均以思考救国救民为己任去构建并形塑教师的身份要求、角色形象,其异处在于三类群体代言人基于各自生活构造、具体面临困境侧重不同,而分别从政治、学术、教育等不同角度切入为政、为民、为教的大教育改造实践之中。为政之道者孙中山提出师乃国脉所系、民生所依;蔡元培倡导师须五育皆达、德守致用,学问第一、人格至上。为民之道者晏阳初认为教师旨在培育新民、自动研究;梁漱溟主张教师职责在于传递知识、传授技能、传播文化,作用在于建设乡村、改造社会、解决中国问题;陶行知呼吁教师应该成为新生活的塑造者并具备形成其新生活的诸种变术;为教之道者经亨颐强调人格为先、俯尊屈就、勤慎诚恕是教师职业精神;张伯苓坚守道德乃万事之本、爱国乃应时之责的教师律令;林砺儒践行位高责重、职敬业恒、教学相长、论行相滋的教师地位观、从业观、教学观。

Educational thinkers in the Republic of China consisted of three types of personnel:political elites,academic elites,and front-line scholars.Their basic propositions on teacher identity not only directly determined the policies and actual conditions of the school,but also indirectly affected the general situation of education in China.The commonality lies in constructing and shaping the identity requirements and role images of teachers by thinking of saving the country and the people.The difference is that the three groups of spokespersons put themselves into the practice of the great education reform based on their own life structures and from different angles of politics,academy,and education.Sun Yatsen proposed to the political strategist that the teacher is the national pulse,and the people’s livelihood.Cai Yuanpei advocated that the teacher must be five education all,moral and consistent use,learning and personality first.For the people’s way of life,Yan Yangchu believes that the teacher’s responsibility literacy should be to cultivate new people and automatically study.Liang Shuming advocates that the teacher’s responsibility is to pass on knowledge,impart skills,and spread culture,and the role is to build villages,transform society,and solve Chinese problems.Tao Xingzhi called on teachers to be the constructors of new life and have all kinds of changes to form their new lives.For the way of teaching,Jing Hengyi emphasizes that personality first,while condescension,diligence and sincereness are the teacher’s professional spirit and morality quality.Zhang Boling’s obedience to morality is the foundation of all things,and patriotism is the responsibility of the teacher’s decree.Lin Liru practices the view of teacher’s status,the view of practice and the view of teaching with high responsibility,professional dedication,and mutually absorbing good behaviors from teaching and learning.