考虑教育异质性的人力资本配置效率测算——基于“企业—员工”匹配调查数据

Allocation Efficiency of Human Capital Considering Educational Heterogeneity——Based on the Calculation of Enterprise-Employee Matching Survey Data

伴随着劳动年龄人口增长趋缓,中国劳动力受教育水平逐步提高,人力资本及其配置效率成为产出增长的重要来源。本文基于"企业—员工"匹配调查数据,将企业的综合人力资本水平分解为两大要素,同时考察传统简单劳动投入和员工受教育程度对企业产出的贡献,据此测算劳动生产率、教育生产率以及综合人力资本生产率,并在此基础上分离简单劳动投入的配置状况和教育的配置状况。结果表明:制造业的发展已开始依托劳动力的受教育水平支撑其效率改善。在不同产业之间,人力资本的配置状况有截然不同的表现。经过多年的发展,劳动密集型企业的简单劳动投入、员工受教育程度等各项生产要素的配置都在向更有效率的方向推进,但生产率提高的潜力有限。与此同时,中国产业升级的趋势和方向显现。资本密集型企业正依靠员工教育水平的有效配置增进效率,但未能从简单劳动的配置中获得更多的效率提升,其人力资本的配置仍有很大改善潜力,能否依靠技能人才获得综合人力资本配置的改善并最终完成企业的创新发展,成为其转型的关键。在促进生产率提高、改善劳动力和人力资本配置效率方面,相关的人力资本积累、产业支持等政策应充分考虑不同产业的发展状况以及对应的人力资本构成特点。

With the slowdown growth rate of the working age population and the rapid improvement of the education level of the labor force, for China, the human capital and its allocation efficiency have become an important source of output growth. Based on the data of the "Employer-Employee" matching survey, this paper divides the overall level of human capital into two major elements. It also examines the contribution of simple labor input and employee’s education level to the output of enterprises, and then calculates labor productivity, education productivity and the productivity of comprehensive human capital. Based on the productivity, this paper also estimates the allocation efficiency of simple labor input and education factor separately. The results show that the efficient improvement of manufacturing industries have already rely more on the increasement of the labor’s education level. The allocation path of human capital has begun to differentiate among different industries in China.We can find that after years of development, the development path of labor-intensive enterprises has matured, the allocation efficiency for simple labor input, labor’s education and other factors in production function are all advancing in a more efficient direction, but the potential for its productivity improvement is limited. At the same time, the path of industrial upgrading in China is basically clear. For capital-intensive enterprises, its efficiency improvement relies on the labor’s education instead of the simple labor input. The allocation efficiency of human capital still has great potential for improvement. Whether the skilled workers can complete the innovative development of enterprises and ultimately improve the allocation efficiency of comprehensive human capital becomes the key to become the high-end innovative industries. In terms of improving the allocation efficiency of labor and human capital to promote productivity, relevant policy on industrial development and human capital accumulation should follow the development path of different industries and the characteristics of human capital at different levels.