基础教育机会不平等研究

Research on Inequality of Opportunity in Basic Education

中国正从教育大国迈向教育强国,优化配置教育资源、促进基础教育均衡发展、确保教育起点公平,是实现教育现代化的重要一环。本文使用CEPS 2013—2014年对中国初中生的随机调查数据,从"制度—市场—结果"多层次测度了基础教育质量的机会不平等程度,并探讨了学生努力在多大程度上可以缓解教育结果不平等。结果显示:学校教育质量、影子教育支出和学生成绩的机会不平等分别达到14.68%、29.75%和18.10%,教育结果机会不平等程度高于儒家文化圈的其他东亚及东南亚国家;家庭背景、居住地和城乡户籍构成了基础教育质量机会不平等的主要来源;在Roemer和Barry两种情境下,以决心、耐心和学习时长衡量的努力变量对教育结果不平等的贡献度较低,说明如果学生仅仅是采用重复劳动般的刻苦方式,将无法弥补优质教育资源差异导致的成绩差距。据此,政府应当注重学区间与城乡间基础教育资源的均衡配置、干预民办学校和辅导机构的过度逐利行为、积极发展"互联网+教育"以及完善教育评价体系。

China has become a great country of education and is striving to build a powerful country in education. For achieving education modernization, it is of importance to optimize the allocation of education funds,promote the balanced development of basic education, and ensure starting equity of education. Using CEPS data of junior middle school students in China from 2013 to 2014, this paper measures the degree of inequality of opportunity in basic education from the three perspectives of "system-market-result" and explores the extent to which students’ efforts can alleviate inequality in educational outcomes. The results show that the inequality of opportunity in school quality, shadow education and student scores are 14.68%, 29.75%, and 18.10%, respectively.The degree of inequality of opportunity in educational outcomes is higher than that of other Asian countries within the Chinese-culture circle. Family background, residence and hukou are the major sources of inequality of opportunity. In the two situations of Roemer and Barry, effort variables which are measured by determination,patience and learning duration contribute little to the inequality of educational outcomes. This shows that if students simply adopt a way of duplication of effort to study, the gap in student scores caused by high-quality educational resources will not be filled. Accordingly, the government should balance basic educational resources in the school districts and between the urban and rural regions, eliminate the profit-seeking behavior of private schools and extracurricular tutorial agencies, develop"Internet + education", and improve the education evaluation system.