世界反兴奋剂规则的争议、反思及其完善——以“孙杨案”为角度

Controversy,Reflection and Improvement of the World Anti-Doping Rules:From the Perspective of “Sun Yang’s Case”

"孙杨案"历经国际泳联反兴奋剂小组和国际体育仲裁院两次听证审理却出现不同结果,反映出世界反兴奋剂规则在理解与适用上存在争议。就该案而言,争议包括"通知"程序是否适当,运动员方行为是否构成"干扰",以及规则中"正当理由"的适用标准。争议背后,既存在规则模糊和适用标准不明的法理漏洞,也存在运动员义务过重与程序性权利缺失的价值失衡。应以"孙杨案"为启示,检视规则的阙漏与不足,并寻求完善进路。在今后反兴奋剂规则的制定和修改中明晰规则的内涵和外延,并通过对运动员的"赋权"塑造规则的公正性和权威性。以WADA为核心的反兴奋剂机构应在实践中发挥连接规则秩序与规制对象的纽带作用,将程序正义理念贯穿于反兴奋剂任务的全过程和各方面,在实践中考验规则,同时以规则回应实践。以CAS为核心的国际体育仲裁机构应发挥衡平功能,在解释规则时以"不利于立法者"为价值衡量,同时发挥创造先例的功能,限缩规则的争议空间。

After the FDP and the CAS hearings,Sun Yang’s case got two different results.This reflects the fact that understanding and application of the world anti-doping rules is still disputed.As far as the case concerned,the controversy manifests itself in three aspects,including whether"notification"procedure is appropriate,whether"tamper"conduct is established and the applicable standard of"compelling justification"in the rules,etc.The controversy mentioned indicates some issues need to be discussed,such as the legal gaps between vague rules and unclear applicable standards,and the imbalances between the athletes’obligations and their procedural rights.We should take Sun Yang’s case as a warning,examine the flaws and deficiencies of the rules and try to find some solutions.In the process of formulation and revision of the world anti-doping program and rules,rules should be clarified in order to shaping the fairness and authority of rules.The anti-doping organizations,such as WADA,should play an effective role in practice,through applying the concept of procedural justice to ensure harmonized,coordinated and effective anti-doping programs.The CAS,as an international quasi-judicial body,should play an equitable role in interpreting the existing rules.