水和沉积物中石油烃的分析方法及污染特征研究进展

Research progress of analytical methods and pollution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment

综述了近年来国内外有关水和沉积物中石油烃的分析方法和污染特征研究进展。对各类提取方法和测定方法的原理、适用范围、优缺点和应用进行了系统的总结和评述。目前,水样中石油烃的提取方法最常用的是液-液萃取,而沉积物样品最常用的是索氏萃取、超声波萃取,气相色谱是测定总石油烃浓度和石油烃特定组分浓度的主要发展方向。同时总结了石油烃在全球范围内水和沉积物中的污染水平、分布情况以及影响因素。结果表明:水中石油烃低污染浓度(0.05~4.13μg/L)出现在泰国湾和马来西亚半岛东海岸,高污染浓度(1581541μg/L)出现在澳大利亚新南威尔士州;沉积物中石油烃低污染浓度(未检出~1.71 mg/kg)来自波斯湾北部的海岸线和红树林,高污染浓度(300~16500 mg/kg)来自珠江口;水和沉积物中石油烃污染主要分布在亚洲;石油泄漏、工业废水排放和城市径流是环境中石油烃污染水平升高的主要影响因素。最后,对今后水和沉积物中石油烃的研究重点进行了展望。

The analysis methods and pollution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediment both at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed.The principle,applicable scope,advantages,disadvantages and applications of various extraction methods and determination methods were systematically summarized.At present,liquid-liquid extraction was the most common method for extracting petroleum hydrocarbons from water samples,while Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction were the most common methods for sediment samples.Gas chromatography was the main development direction for determining the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons and the content of specific components of petroleum hydrocarbons.Also,the pollution levels,distribution,and influencing factors of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediments worldwide were summarized.The results showed that the low pollution concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in water(0.05-4.13μg/L)appeared in the Gulf of Thailand and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia,and the high pollution concentration(1581541μg/L)appeared in New South Wales,Australia.The low pollution concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments(not detected-1.71 mg/kg)came from the coastline and mangroves in the northern Persian Gulf,and the high pollution concentrations(300-16500 mg/kg)came from the Pearl River Estuary in China.Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in water and sediment was mainly distributed in Asia.Oil spills,industrial wastewater emissions and urban runoff were the main factors influencing the rise of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution levels in the environment.Finally,the research priorities on petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediments in future were proposed.