怎样设计“以学生学习为中心”的大学翻转课堂

How to Design Learning-Centered Flipped Classroom in Universities

翻转课堂是一种以学生学习为中心的教学方式。然而,现今大学里的翻转课堂大都只具其“形”,未得其“神”,未能真正实现以学生学习为中心。因此,有必要深入追问和清晰回答“怎样设计出以学生学习为中心的大学翻转课堂”这一问题,其具体内含何以可能、何以可行、何以可致和何以可成四个子问题。针对“何以可能”,基于探究共同体理论,厘清学生学习中心课堂的基本特征,提出9条“原理性”设计策略。针对“何以可行”,基于首要教学原理,规划出翻转课堂的具体环节,研制出11条“程序性”设计策略。针对“何以可致”,基于已有实证研究梳理出翻转课堂各实施环节中师生所遇难题,提出加以破解的9条“操作性”设计策略。在此基础上,“原理—程序—操作”三层次设计策略体系得以建构。展望未来,原理层次需有效建构文化自觉型设计策略,程序层次需持续探索技术优化型设计策略,操作层次需重点关注内容定向型设计策略。综合把握和应用该设计策略体系并有所创新,使得指向“以学生学习为中心”的大学翻转课堂设计得以可成。

Flipped classroom is a learning-centered teaching approach.However,most of the flipped classrooms in Chinese universities only imitate the form,failing to fully achieve the intention of being learning-centered.Therefore,it is an urgent need to further inquire and explicitly answer the question of“how to design learning-centered flipped classroom in universities”.This question contains four sub-questions of why it is possible,why it is feasible,how it is accessed and how it is realized.As for“why it is possible”,the Community of Inquiry theory provides a basis for clarifying the characteristics of the learning-centered classroom and then 9 principle design strategies can be proposed.As for“why it is feasible”,the First Principles of Instruction specifies the procedures of flipped classroom and then 11 procedural design strategies can be proposed.As for“how it is accessed”,based on the difficulties encountered by teachers and students in the implementation of flipped classroom in the existing empirical research,9 operational design strategies can be proposed to deal with the difficulties.On this basis,a three-level design strategy system of“principle-procedure-operation”was constructed.As for“how it is realized”,it is necessary to grasp,apply and innovate the design strategy system.The cultural consciousness design strategies need to be constructed on the principle level,technology optimized design strategies need to be explored on the procedural level,and content-oriented design strategies need to be focused on the operational level in the future.