非法诱惑侦查的认定与证明

Identification and Proof of Illegal Entrapment

基于“认定标准”与“证明制度”这两个维度检视国内和域外诱惑侦查制度,可以发现中国存在制度规范缺失、司法操作不力和理论研究不足等问题,以致打击犯罪与保障人权严重失衡。反观诱惑侦查理论和实践较为发达的域外法,其认定标准由单一主观标准或客观标准向混合的双重标准或分离的双重标准发展,并形成各自独有的证明模式。结合中国司法制度和实践,提出解决问题的有效途径,以期抑制非法诱惑侦查:第一,破除传统的二分法模式,重新设置诱惑侦查合法与非法的界限;第二,解决主观标准和客观标准之间的争议,确立主客观分离的双重审查标准;第三,量化分离式双重审查标准的认定要素,协调各要素之间的互动关系;第四,纠正异化的证明责任分配,明确控辩双方的证明责任和证明标准。

Examining the domestic and extraterritorial system of entrapment based on the two dimensions of“identification criterion”and“proof system”,it can be found that there are some problems in our country,such as lack of legislative norms,poor judicial operation and lack of theoretical research,and so on,so that criminal investigation and protection of human rights are seriously unbalanced.On the contrary,under the extraterritorial law in which the entrapment theory and practice are more developed,the identification criterion has developed from a single subjective criterion or objective criterion to double criterion of mixed criteria or separated criteria,and the unique proof mode is formed on the basis of the procedural defense or the substantive defense.Therefore,as for the judicial system and practice of our country,some effective ways were proposed to solve those problems in order to restrain illegal entrapment:first,breaking the traditional dichotomy model and adjusting the boundary between legality and illegality of entrapment;secondly,solving the disputes between the subjective criterion and the objective criterion,and establishing the dual examination criterion of the separation of subjective and objective views;thirdly,quantifying the identification elements of the double criterion of separated criteria and coordinating the interactive relationship among the elements;finally,correcting the burden of proof in alienation and clarifying the burden of proof and the criterion of proof between two parties of prosecution and defense.