记忆研究中的心理主义及其当代超越

Psychologism in Memory Studies and Its Beyond

从现象学史上看,胡塞尔将批判反思心理主义作为自身逻辑研究的开端,并构建起经典现象学体系。当代记忆研究也可以按照这一路径展开,即对当代记忆研究中的心理主义进行反思和批判。然而,不同于现象学,记忆研究中的心理主义指向心理学与记忆问题的关系,指向心理学在记忆研究中的起点地位。对心理主义的传统超越形成了两种不同的反思路径:自然科学式的路径和现象学式的路径。自然科学式的路径即将心理学还原为生物—物理层面现象,从而通过实验的方法加以解决;现象学式的方法即将心理学从现象学角度加以批判。这两种超越路径各有缺陷,前者存在重新陷入到逻辑实证主义的局限中,而后者容易忽视自然科学的新发展。反思心理主义的根本所在是指出实验心理学的记忆研究开始远离了记忆原初的规定性,需要做的是回到记忆本身并将记忆看做是人类生存现象的主要规定。

In the history of phenomenology,Husserl took critical reflective psychology as the beginning of his logical research and constructed the classic phenomenological system.Following this path,contemporary memory research may reflect on and criticize the psychology in contemporary memory research as well.However,different from phenomenology,psychologism in the modern memory studies refers to the relationship between psychology and neuroscience,which points to the starting position of psychology in memory research.The transcendence of traditional psychoticism can be realized through two methods-one is the path of natural sciences,reducing psychic phenomena to biological-physical phenomena;the other is the phenomenological approach,criticized by phenomenology.The two approaches both have their limitations-the former may be trapped into the limits of logical positivism while the latter is likely to ignore the new development of natural sciences.The very aim of reflective psychology is to point out that the study of memory in experimental psychology has moved away from the original stipulation of memory,and what needs to be done is to return to memory itself and regard memory as the main stipulation of human existence.