缅甸若开邦农村地区饮用水现状及安全保障对策

Current status and safety strategies of drinking water provision in the rural area of Rakhine State,Myanmar

以东南亚国家缅甸的若开邦农村地区为研究对象,分析该地区饮用水存在的主要问题,并结合当地实际情况提出了可行的安全保障对策。实地考察发现:水塘是缅甸若开邦农村地区主要的饮用水水源;然而,若开邦地处热带,雨季降雨量巨大且集中,旱季持续时间长,水分蒸发量较大,水塘水量时间分布极不均匀,导致该地区水塘旱季时供水严重不足;雨季水塘水浊度、色度偏高,旱季铝、锰、铁等离子有超标现象;水塘普遍缺少生态拦截和防护措施,亦疏于维护,不能有效地阻隔周边的面源污染,导致当地水塘水质存在严重的安全隐患。结合当地社会经济发展水平和村民生活习惯,提出了适于热带地区干湿强烈交替气候特点的"塘-沟-植被缓冲带"生态水塘方案。采用多级屏障手段发挥生态水塘系统对地表和亚表层径流的生态过滤效应,从而增加储水空间,扩大水源涵养容量,强化水体自净功能,再搭配低维护、低能耗的净水工艺,可从水量和水质2个方面保障当地饮用水安全。提出了小而美的生态净化技术,可为其他有类似饮用水问题的国家和地区提供参考。

In this study,the current status of source water in the rural area of Rakhine state,Myanmar,was investigated with feasible strategies customized to address the challenges encountered in water supply.The filed investigation reflected that in the rural area of Rakhine source water is mainly derived from natural ponds.In addition,Rakhine state is located in the tropical area with an abundant and concentrated rainfall during the rainy season,while the dry season lasts for a long time with considerable evaporation rate,resulting in a disproportional temporal distribution of water quantity in ponds.According to the measurement of the pond water samples,the turbidity and color of pond water were high during the rainy season,while the concentrations of aluminum,manganese,and iron exceeded the World Health Organization’s drinking water standards during dry season.It showed that the ponds in the investigated area generally lack necessary ecological interception,protection,and maintenance,which could not effectively decrease the nonpoint source pollution.The above mentioned results suggested that the local environmental and quality of life were severely affected due to the lack of drinking water supply with sufficient quantity and high quality.Considering local social and economic development levels and the local habits of villagers,the onsite ecological purification scheme of"pond-ditchvegetative buffer zone"was put forward,which is suitable for rainy and dry seasons in tropical areas.This multibarrier approach can effectively intercept and mitigate the surface and subsurface runoff,while it can also increase storage space of the system,and thereby expanding water conservation capacity,and strengthening the self-purification function of natural ecosystems.Finally,a promising water purification process configuration with merits of low maintenance and low energy consumption was proposed to ensure the safety of local drinking water supply.