没有权利的义务——古代自然法学义务观概览、反思与镜鉴

Obligations without Rights

自然法学的义务理论是构建法治理论的重要基础。但古老的古希腊哲学家们曾流传过以功利义务论为表现形式的义务观念,并建构了功利义务论的基本原则及其履行义务的方式。以西塞罗为代表的自然法学派的思想家们通过理解和解释大自然对人类的命令,在批判功利义务观念的基础上,提出了德性义务论。在没有权利观念的时代,德性义务观念的普遍展开,是人类有序建构社会秩序的观念基础,也是权利观念诞生的重要渊源。没有权利观念的德性义务论为近代法治国家建设留下了深刻启示,特别是对我国今天的某些防疫措施制定提供了值得借鉴的法理依据。

The obligation theory of natural law is the important foundation for constructing the theory of rule of law.However,the ancient Greek philosophers once spread the concept of obligation in the form of utilitarian obligation,and constructed the basic principles of utilitarian obligation and the way of performing obligations.The thinkers of natural law school,represented by Cicero,put forward the theory of moral obligation on the basis of criticizing the concept of utilitarian obligation by understanding and explaining the command of nature to human beings.In the era of no concept of rights,the widespread development of the concept of virtue and obligation is the ideological basis of orderly construction of social order,and also an important source of the birth of the concept of rights.The theory of virtue and obligation without the concept of rights has left a profound enlightenment for the construction of a modern country ruled by law and especially provided a jurisprudential basis for the formulation of some epidemic prevention measures in China today.