旅游的起源及相关问题再考

Restudy on the Origin of Tourism and Related Issues

旅游的起源关联着旅游的本质、旅游何以可能、如何可能以及将向何处去等一系列重要的理论问题,事关旅游学科的发展阶段、研究取向与成熟程度。在借鉴和思考的基础上,从惯常环境的切换复位和闲暇时间生产两条相互耦合的理路进发,分别形成旅游活动分化自旅行、旅游活动是一种闲暇时间的生产方式两个理论判断,得出旅游是人开展或实施的活动、旅游活动与个人的生命相始终、旅游活动与人类的历史相始终的观点。文章基于搭建的理论平台,讨论了全域旅游的理论内涵及实践导引、旅游学新的历史方位和使命担当等问题。

As indicated by both literature and empirical facts,tourist activity is a human universal prescribed in anthropology,and is a phenomenon across history,region and culture.Therefore,the time of the budding of tourist activity in human history has remained an unsolved issue in tourism research.The origin of tourism involves a series of important theoretical issues such as the nature of tourism,why and how tourism is possible,and where tourism is heading,hence it is related to the development stage,research orientation and maturity of tourism science.This article believes that the definition of tourism cannot be separated from basic concepts such as(un)usual environment and spare time.Both usual and unusual environments of human beings are produced by human beings.Different from animals,which are born and grow in nature,human beings can only turn unfamiliar and natural environment into familiar and enabling environment with constant labor and production.The production of unusual environment depends on that of usual environment;seen from a synchronic perspective,human beings would produce unusual environment correspondingly in the same way of producing usual environment,as where there is no usual environment,there will be no usual environment,they are contrary yet complementary to each other.The time of human beings is also produced,and its production is the sum of all the production of human beings,as if all material and intellectual productions of human beings have stopped,the clock of life would also be completely shut down.Spare time is the time dimension of leisure as well as a type of time.The production of spare time in unusual environment happens in two forms;one is to intentionally produce spare time in an unusual environment,and the other is to accidentally produce spare time in an unusual environment without purpose.On the basis of reference and thinking,we proceed from the coupled approaches of the switching and resetting of usual environment and the production of spare time,and come up with two theoretical judgments:tourist activity comes from the differentiation of travel,and tourist activity is a production mode of spare time.Finally,we reach a conclusion that tourism is an activity carried out or implemented by human beings,and tourist activity is closely related to individual life as well as human history.In other words,the issue of the origin of tourism will not,cannot and need not to have a final and conclusive answer.The value of the pursuit of the origin of tourism lies more on avoiding the futile effort of"attempting the impossible without knowing the impossibility",exposing the mystification of"knowingly attempting the impossible",and reaching the pursuit of"knowingly attempting the impossible",so that researchers may always keep an open research mind and energetic research ambition,in which way to constantly promote the revolution of academic paradigm.On the basis of the established theoretical platform,this paper discusses issues including the theoretical connotation and practical guidance of all-for-one tourism,and the new historical position and mission of tourism science.The production of spare time will become an important theoretical breakthrough for tourism science to enter the list of national first-level disciplines.