论朱子对《周易》卜筮性的重新确立及其解释学意义

On Zhu Xi’s Re-establishment of Divination of Zhouyi and Explanation of Yi-ology

学界存有一种观点,朱熹重新确立了《周易》文本卜筮性是哲学思维的倒退。这种说法过于轻率。其实,朱熹重提《周易》卜筮性有其历史原因和学术整体发展的思考。朱熹主张易学解释当先从卜筮入手,恢复《周易》文本卜筮话语,主要是为了纠正易学解释中出现重义理、轻卜筮的偏差。他的意图未真正将卜筮与义理对立起来,否定《周易》筮占话语所蕴涵的义理,而是把卜筮和义理视为文本应有、不可分割的整体,提倡易学解释先以卜筮话语解读之,然后推演其中义理。以此出发,理解卜筮视域下《周易》象、数、辞、理之间的关系,即先有理后有象有数,以象数符号为理的表现形式,象、数、理三者不可分。就解释学而言,朱熹一方面承认了《周易》是卜筮之书,尊重历史传统,反对人为割断历史、无视文本卜筮及卜筮视域下形成的象数。另一方面,不固守历史,而是着眼于文本意义开放性,以解释“圣人之道”为目标,认同孔子、王弼、程颐等人在各自不同时期所作出符合“现实”或“当下”的接近易道的合理偏见,为易学哲学提出了清晰完整的解释路径,即以历史发展为视域,由卜筮解释入手,用形象的象数符号解释抽象“阴阳之道”,完成了由历史到现实、由卜筮之象数到易学哲学解释。因此,朱熹重新将易学定为卜筮之书,不仅未降低《周易》的哲学性,相反为哲学解释提供了坚实的基础。

Zhu Xi advocated that the explanation of Yi-ology should start with the divination and restore divinatory discourse in Zhouyi text,mainly for correcting the deviation of emphasizing philosophical connotation and neglecting divination.He did not intend to oppose divination to philosophical connotation,and denied the connotation of divinatory discourse in Zhouyi.Instead,he regarded divination and philosophical connotation as an integral part of the Zhouyi.He proposed that the explanation of Yi-ology should first be interpreted by divinatory discourse,and then deduce its philosophical connotation.From this point of view,the relationship among Xiang(“象”,images),numbers(“数”),Ci(“辞”,words)and Li(“理”,principles)in Zhouyi from the perspective of divination,that is,there is Li first and then there are Xiang and numbers.The symbols of Xiang and numbers are the expression forms of Li,and the three are inseparable.In terms of hermeneutics,on the one hand,Zhu Xi acknowledged that Zhouyi was a divinatory book,respected historical tradition,and opposed to separating one part of history from the continuum artificially and ignoring textual divination and Xiang and numbers formed in the perspective of divination.On the other hand,Zhu Xi did not just stick to the history,but focused on the openness of textual meaning,took the explanation of“the way of sages”as the goal,and acknowledged the reasonable prejudices,made by Confucius,Wang Bi,Cheng Yi and other scholars,which were close to the principle of Zhouyi in accordance with“reality”or“present”in their respective periods.He proposed a clear and complete explanation path for philosophical interpretation of the Yi-ology,that was,from the perspective of historical development,starting with the divination explanation,explaining the abstract“Yin and Yang”with visual symbols of Xiang and numbers,which completed the interpretation from history to reality,from the Xiang and numbers of divination to the philosophy interpretation of Yi-ology.