人类增强伦理中的伦理自然主义批判

The Critique of Ethical Naturalism in the Ethical Debate of Human Enhancement

在人类增强伦理的辩论中,超人类主义支持人类增强技术的研发和应用,并立足于伦理自然主义这一现代的主流规范性思想来论证人类增强技术的合理性,体现为追求提升自身能力和素质的伦理利己主义,追求普惠性增强的功利主义,以及身体形态自由权和人类物种的后人类进化等主张。生物保守主义在人类增强问题上反对超人类主义,并分为强、弱两种批判立场。强批判的生物保守主义针对后者的伦理自然主义在元伦理学和规范伦理学层面提出了批判,但未能对超人类主义构成实质性的挑战。自然主义谬误的方案失之于形式化和缺乏实质主张;而哈贝马斯基于形上学和福山基于宗教直觉的批判又过多依赖于超验的直觉并与时代脱节。论证上的不完备,导致强批判无法证成通过立法来管控增强技术研发和应用的主张,这表明了强批判路径的困难,同时提示出一种基于伦理自然主义的、用经验和实证的态度审视增强技术的弱批判立场,文末提及了后者的质疑契入点。

In the ethical debate of human enhancement,transhumanism,with the point of supporting on the research and development of Human Enhancement Technologies(HET),tries to justify the ethical feasibility with the presumption of ethical naturalism,which is the mainstream thought of normality nowadays.It suggests an ethical individualism for the improvement of the physical or psychological conditions of human body,an utilitarianism for the universal improvement on social scale as well as the morphological freedom and the posthuman-aimed evolution.Bioconservatism disapproves of transhumanism on human enhancement,which develops into two critical stands,strong and weak.The strong one,against the ethical naturalism of transhumanism,forwards critiques of metaethics and normative ethics,which fails to raise a substantial challenge on transhumanism.The critique of Natural fallacy loses by its formality and the critiques from J.Habermas and F.Fukuyama lose by their transcendental intuition and anachronistic ontology.The flaws of the strong one lead to its failure on the justification for the prohibition on the R&D of HET and imply for the weak one,keeping a naturalistic and empirical attitude on HET and whose critiques are referred at the end of this paper.