清华简《蟋蟀》与《唐风·蟋蟀》之异同考

On Similarities and Differences of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips Cricket and Tangfeng Cricket

清华简《耆夜》记载周公赋《蟋蟀》,《诗经·唐风》亦有《蟋蟀》,两诗不仅题目相同,而且内容多有关联。通过对比清华简《蟋蟀》与《唐风·蟋蟀》,可以确定两者关系密切,但在用韵、演唱曲调、起兴上又有诸多不同,尤其是诗歌主题差异较大。由此,我们认为清华简《蟋蟀》与《唐风·蟋蟀》是两首不同的诗歌。《诗经》中的同题诗,如《王风·扬之水》《郑风·扬之水》《唐风·扬之水》,还有相似度较高的非同题诗皆可证两者的关系。先秦时期,在诗歌创作后、《诗经》编辑中,诗歌有由地方向中央传播的“采诗”及“献诗”的过程,同样,诗歌也有由中央向地方及个人传播影响的过程。这种传播途径更多地体现在王畿地区的诗歌对地方及个人诗歌创作的影响方面。诗歌的传播过程中自然会有同题诗的产生,它们有同样的复沓方式、吟唱方式来吟唱,同时也会改造、增添一些新的内容,也就是所谓的变调。清华简《蟋蟀》和《唐风·蟋蟀》两首同题诗正是在传播过程中产生的。

Tsinghua Bamboo Slips(TBS)Qiye has recorded the ode to Zhougong Cricket,and there is also a poem titled Cricket in Tangfeng(folk songs of Tang Kingdom)of the Book of Songs.Besides the same title,both poems are related in terms of contents.Through the comparison of them two,we are sure that the two poems are closely related,but they are also different from each other in the use of rhyme,melody,and Xing(evocation),and there is greater difference in poetic themes.Therefore,we hold that they are different poems.There are poems of the same theme in the Book of Songs such as Wangfeng Yangzhishui,Zhengfen Yangzhishui,and Tangfen Yangzhishui;some poems of different themes show great similarities;and all these can prove the relationship of the aforementioned two poems.In Pre-Qin times,after the creation of poems and in the compilation of the Book of Songs,poems had spread from the local governments to the central government in the process of“poems collection”and“poems offering”;and at the same time,poems had also been influenced in the process of spread from the central government to the poems creation in local areas and by individuals.The very spread mainly embodies the influence of poems in capital area on the local ones and those by individuals.In poems spread process came into being poems of the same theme,they followed similar repetition and singing modes,reformed and added some new contents,that is the modification.TBS Cricket and Tangfeng Cricket being poems of the same theme came into being in the spread process.