正当防卫证明责任分配的反思与重塑

Rethinking and Reshaping of the Distribution of Burden of Proof on Self-defense

刑事诉讼证明责任是一项法定归责机制。然而,正当防卫证明责任分配却长期沦为法官的“自由裁量权”。这种司法乱象既源于刑事诉讼立法的模糊,也是正当防卫在犯罪构成体系中的特殊位置使然。尽管近年来发生的一系列正当防卫案件中,控方均主动承担了正当防卫的证明责任,却也存在证明责任再次“回归”被告人的现实风险。若由被告人承担正当防卫的证明责任,将不可避免地导致疑罪从有,加剧正当防卫沦为“僵尸条款”,导致追诉机关怠于全面收集证据等不利后果。因此,有必要对“被告人承担正当防卫证明责任”的诸多观点予以理论澄清,并从“避免冤枉无辜”“补偿正当理由”等角度对“控方承担正当防卫证明责任”的正当性予以证成,以此实现正当防卫的制度价值。

The distribution of the burden of proof in criminal proceedings should be determined by law.However,the distribution of the burden of proof on self-defense has been transformed into the judge's"discretion"for a long time.This kind of judicial chaos originates from the ambiguity of criminal procedure legislation and the special position of legitimate defense in the constitution of crime.Although in the recent typical cases the prosecution took the burden of proof on self-defense,there is a real risk that this kind of burden of proof will“return”to the defendant again.If the defendant take the burden of proof on self-defense,it will inevitably lead to some adverse consequences,including conviction of doubt,having a negative effect on people to exercise the right to self-defense and prosecutions to collect evidence.Therefore,it is necessary to clarify many points that"the defendant should take the burden of proof on self-defense"theoretically.It is also important to justify the"prosecution took the burden of proof on self-defense"from the perspectives of"avoiding injustice"and"compensating for legitimate reasons".Only in this way can achieve the institutional value of self-defense.