以国家公园为主体的自然保护地对社区经济的影响

Analysis of the Impacts of Construction of Nature Protected Areas with National Parks as Main Parts on Community Economy

从国家公园、自然保护区和自然公园3个层次阐述中国自然保护地体系,结合安徽金寨天马国家级自然保护区和大熊猫国家公园内部和周边的社区发展状况分析自然保护地与社区经济发展的关系和影响。结果表明:自然保护地内部和周边社区存在收入来源有限、收入水平较低的现象;自然保护地体系与内部、周边社区在经济、文化等方面具有多层面的关系;建设自然保护地体系会刺激社区相关产业发展、为社区提供优质生态环境等,同时也会引起禁止基础设施修建、加剧人兽冲突、凸显林地补偿问题等消极影响。最后,为自然保护地的建设与社区管理提供了建设社区参与机制、健全生态补偿制度和推行全方位公平竞争等多种策略思路。

(1)Background--In June,2019,a guideline of nature protected areas with national parks as main parts is issued by the State Council of China,which provides theoretical guidance for the construction of nature protected areas and development opportunities to surrounding communities.⑵Methods--In 2019,a survey was conducted in Jinzhai,Anhui,and Ya'an,Sichuan through questionnaire surveys and interviews with employees and farmers.An investigation by stratified sampling was conducted in Jinzhai,Anhui.A total of 97 households were surveyed,including 12 households in the core zone,17 households in the buffer zone,56 households in the experiment zone and 12 residents in the surrounding area.Sichuan Ya"an adopted a random sampling method to survey the residents around the protected area,a total of 24 households.A total of 121 questionnaire survey data from the two places.(3)Results--①In a whole,the communities located in or around the protected areas are in the condition of limited source of income and low income level.In terms of source of income,according to the questionnaire,due to the low level of education of the community residents in the protected areas and limitation of the protection and management,the proportion of getting income from being engaged in simple production and operation activities like planting crops,selling agricultural and sideline products and livestock tends to be high,among which only a few people can get salary income.In addition,in terms of total income,the proportion of income obtained by migrant workers is relatively high,to some extent,which reflects the relatively low income obtained from production and business activities.②Nature protected areas have bound relationships with inner and surrounding communities economically,culturally,and administratively.Hence,during the analysis process of the impacts of construction of nature protected areas on the community economy,it is necessary to consider the relationships above.③The construction of the natural protected areas has positive impacts on the community economy,such as stimulating the development of related industries,providing high-quality ecological environment.What's more,the establishment of nature protected area also makes negative effects such as prohibiting the construction of infrastructure,aggravating the conflict between humans and animals,and highlighting the compensation problem of forestland.⑷Conclusions and Discussions--The establishment of community participation mechanism can stimulate the protection awareness of community residents.And the government should construct the system of community participation from three aspects:administrative participation,project participation and scientific and educational participation,in order to arouse the residents'enthusiasm to protect the environment and improve the management efficiency of administrative departments.①The establishment of differential compensation system can promote the coordinated development of ecological protection and social economy and promote the construction of ecological civilization.②Promoting all-round and fair development can alleviate interest conflicts and meet interest demands of community residents to some extent,as well as make fair opportunities of development and fair profits clarify.③Community economy is an economic model that can mobilize various economic factors within the community and promote the common development of the whole community and the radiation zone.In particular,the community economic construction around natural protected areas with national parks as main parts needs to be focused,and how to solve the negative impact of the nature reserve construction on the community economy is at the core.On the other hand,the community economic development under the nature protected areas is in a state of steady increase,but there are still some deficiencies in ecological compensation and community participation.If the negative influence of natural protected area of community economy,and the benign development of the community economy can be slowed down or even avoided,the situation must be improved in the above three strategies.