自然保护区生态旅游对农户可持续生计的影响

Research on Farmers'Sustainable Livelihoods Impacted by Ecotourism in Nature Reserves

构建农户可持续生计分析模型和发展水平评价模型,以贵州梵净山自然保护区为例,分析生态旅游对自然保护区农户可持续生计的影响。结果表明:梵净山保护区农户可持续生计总体处于中等水平,保护区的生态旅游产业还有较大的优化和发展空间;1986—2016年,生态旅游发展对缓解梵净山保护区农户传统生计和生态保护矛盾发挥了积极影响;梵净山保护区与地区政府的政策措施对提升农户生计稳定性和可持续性具有不可替代的作用。因此,为发展保护区生态旅游提出应充分考虑地区农户生计资本发展的差异等建议。

⑴ Background--In the research process of analyzing the impact by ecotourism on the sustainable livelihood of farmers in the nature reserve,attention should not only bepaid to the advantages of eco-tourism to enhance the sustainable livelihood of farmers,but also should be paidto the risks and eco-economic social effects in the process of ecotourism development of farmers in the nature reserve.⑵ Methods--From August to October 2016,according to the proportion of each village’s population to the population of the protected area,a non-repeated sampling survey method was adopted to quantitatively select 16 sample villages in 3 counties of Yinjiang,Jiangkou and Songtao.Taking households as the smallest livelihood survey unit,survey questionnaires were distributed randomly.The questionnaire was designed with 5 first-level indicators,14 second-level indicators and 26 third-level indicators.Based on 161 questionnaires and literature search of farmers in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve(FNNR),for the purpose of research on farmers’ livelihood impact by ecotourism,an analysis model and development level evaluation model of farmers’ sustainable livelihood are constructed based on the sustainable livelihood framework(SLF).⑶ Results--According to the evaluation results of the comprehensive development level of farmers’ livelihood in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve,the comprehensive score of sustainable livelihood development level of farmers in the reserve is 0.470,which is in the middle level.As the most important evaluation index,the contribution value of farmers’ livelihood capital score(C2=0.28)is significantly less than its weight value(W2=0.45),which is the obvious short board of sustainable livelihood development of farmers in the reserve.The vulnerability background(C1=0.16),the livelihood structure and process transformation(C4=0.18)in the evaluation system arebothmore than their corresponding index weight(W1=W2=0.11),which shows a more prominent performance.And the proportion of non-agricultural income in the reserve has increased significantly from 1986 to 2016,and the non-agricultural income has increased from 15.86% to 74.22%.The current non-agricultural income of farmers in the reserve mainly comes from their family Labor export and tourism development.It is worth noting that the change of farmers’ livelihood makes their environmental behavior change significantly,and nearly 80% of farmers begin to reduce the use of pesticides,herbicides and fertilizers.In addition,the current tourism income accounts for 25.3% of the farmers’ incomeand 39.83% of the farmers’ labor force choose to go out to work.Therefore,there is still a large space for the sustainable livelihood of local farmers.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions--The development of eco-tourism in the nature reserve has played a positive role in alleviating the contradiction between traditional livelihood and ecological protection of farmers in the nature reserve.The ecological compensation measures of the management organization in the reserve and the local government,as well as the livelihood assistance and guidance for farmers,play an irreplaceable role in improving the stability and sustainability of farmers’ livelihood.However,the capacity of eco-tourism to improve the economic income of farmers is limited,the absorption of labor employment is insufficient,and the optimization and development of eco-tourism industry in the reserve still has a large space.It is suggested that the regional industrial structurebe optimized and upgradedinthe reserve,the vocational skills training and ecological compensation of farmersbe strengthened,and the ownership and circulation of farmers’ land management rightsbe promoted.