规模经济、多重激励与生态产品价值实现--福建省南平市森林生态银行 经验总结

Economics of Scale,Multi-incentives and Realization of Ecological Product Value:Summary of Experience of Forest Eco-Bank in Nanping,Fujian

运用分工理论和多任务委托代理理论分析“森林生态银行”实现生态转型、促进生态产品价值实现的内在机制。分散的小规模林业经营模式存在5个问题:经营效率问题、交易成本问题、生态转型问题、流动性约束问题和产业跃迁问题。与小规模林业经营模式相比,“森林生态银行”具备分工经济和多重激励的可能。“森林生态银行”依托分工经济破解小规模林农的经营效率问题、交易成本问题,并在内部实行多重激励,破解生态转型问题、流动性约束问题、产业跃迁问题,最终实现生态转型,促进生态产品价值实现。因此,提出完善“森林生态银行”的金融工具属性、加快生态资本深化、促进投资端项目落地、完善收益分配机制等政策建议。

⑴ Background--In 2005,President Xi Jinping first proposed that "green is gold".China has rich ecological resources.However,there are some problems in ecological resources,such as long production cycle,difficult to define property rights and low efficiency.For solving these problems,the internal mechanism of "Forest Eco-Bank" is explored to realize the value of ecological resources.⑵ Methods--In March and June 2019,the research group went to Nanping City of Fujian Province for field investigation,had a discussion with the persons working for Nanping Natural Resources Bureau.In addition,investigators also visited the operation center of "Forest Eco-Bank" of Shunchang County,forestry financial service center of Shunchang County and project demonstration site and obtained relevant information data.⑶ Results--"Forest Eco-Bank" is a kind of ecological resource value model on the basis of the state-owned forest farm,which collects and stores the scattered ecological resources by means of purchase,lease,trusteeship,stock cooperation and so on.The operation mode of "Forest Eco-Bank" is divided into three steps:The first is to centralized collection and storage of resources for improvement of quality and efficiency.The next is to enlarge financial introduction and capital operation.And the last one is to make project planning and promote investment.Compared with the family business model,"Forest Eco-Bank" has produced good economic and ecological benefits,which also can solve the problems of operating efficiency,transaction costs,profitability,liquidity constraints and industrial transition of the above family business model.⑴When it comes to operating efficiency,the total value of forest trees increased by RMB 142500/hm^2 in 30 years compared with that of foresters.⑵In terms of the reduction of transaction costs,it is not only taken place in the negotiation with government departments,but also with upstream and downstream industry cooperation.⑶The "Forest Eco-Bank" can solve the problem of profit seeking by stimulating ecological and economic behaviors at the same time with the average rate of return.⑷In terms of solving the liquidity constraints,the "Forest Eco-Bank" sets up forest trusteeship projects for poor households,which can make poor households obtain a part of stable expected income in advance during the growth period of trees,and then share in a certain proportion when the forest trees mature.⑸In the aspect of industrial transition,the "Forest Eco-Bank" can obtain financial income of the tertiary industry easier than others,and stimulate different industries at the same time mainly through the average return.As a result,the "Forest Eco-Bank" can promote the monitization of ecological value.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions--The "Forest Eco-Bank" serves as an producer or an operator,but it has not yet sever as a formal financial service provider.In addition to mortgage and guarantee,other financial instruments have been introduced slowly,which result in a weak financial attributes.In view of the problems existing in the "Forest Eco-Bank",the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward:The first is to develop favourable financial companies or management companies,and form the industrial average return rate through unified accounting.The next is to diversified financial instruments for developing a sound economic system and expand the value-added space.The last one is to gradually guide the establishment of local financial institutions and deepen ecological capital.