金代品官父祖封赠制度探析

An Exploration and Analysis of the System of Granting Royal Titles to the Fathers and Forefathers of Government Officials in the Jin Dynasty

金代品官父祖封赠制度,经熙宗、海陵、世宗、章宗朝的发展与完善,形成了封赠与品阶相结合的制度特点。在金代,官至五品才具备封赠先世的资格。具体封赠时,品官自身的官职,不仅决定着封赠先世的范围有一代、二代、三代之区别,同时亦影响其先世所获封赠官爵的等级。金代封赠遵循"近重而远轻"的原则,被封赠者的官爵视其与品官本人代际关系的近远而依次降低,散官阶序在其中发挥着重要的调节作用。金代品官父祖封赠制度在继承前朝制度的基础上又有所发展,从而对元朝的封赠制度产生了重要影响。以笼络人心、激励臣僚恪尽忠孝为目的的封赠制度,对金代统治秩序的稳定起到了积极作用。

The system of granting official titles to the fathers and forefathers of government officials in the Jin dynasty was gradually developed and improved during the reigns of Xizong,Hailing,Shizong and Zhangzong,and formed the institutional characteristics of combining granting titles with official ranks.In the Jin dynasty,only officials among or above the fifth rank(wu pin,五品)were qualified to get official titles for their fathers and forefathers.Specifically speaking,the rank of an official not only determined how many generations of his forefathers could be granted the official titles,which ranged from one generation,two generations to three generations,but also influenced the rank of official titles his father and forefathers could be granted.The principle of"the closer the kinship,the higher the title"was followed in the Jin dynasty and the official title of the grantee turned lower with his inter-generational relationship with the official became more distant.In this process the rank of officials played an important regulating role.The system of granting official titles to the fathers and forefathers of government officials in the Jin dynasty was not only an inheritance from the previous dynasty,but also influenced later ages.The purpose of the system was to win over the officials’hearts and motivate them to be totally loyal,which played a positive role in stabilizing the ruling order of the Jin dynasty.