傅斯年史学思想的曲解与辨正——以《旨趣》为中心的观念史新解

The Misinterpretation and Debate of Fu Ssu-nien’s Historiography Thoughts:A New Interpretation of the History of Ideas Centering on The Aims of Founding the Institute of History and Philology

傅斯年是一位颇具哲学素养的理论家,但其"史学只是史料学"思想,却长期被理解为"史料派"反对历史理论研究的"唯史料论",由此导致诸多疑点。《旨趣》实际上只是史语所的工作纲领,傅斯年提出"反疏通"是为了实现"集众"工作的可累积性,但其本人治学并不反对"疏通"。无论是把傅氏理解为兰克后学,还是理解为"新宋学",都忽略了其最为重要的科学主义立场和哲学前提。傅氏科学史学的核心方法论其实是比较语言学,"历史语言研究所"的"语言"主要指口说的"语言"而非文句考据的"文字"。正是基于比较语言学已经在近代发展出较为确定的类型学理论,傅斯年才敢提出重建科学古史、光复"汉字"的科学史学主张。傅斯年虽然与历史主义者一样共同反对历史规律研究、强调以史料研究为本,但本旨截然不同。傅斯年是在现代哲学转型背景下放弃了近代理性主义立场,转向与"语言转向"暗合的融贯论的新实证主义,其史料观是一种观念史料观。

Fu Ssu-nien is a theorist with philosophical attainments,but his thought that"historiography is merely the science of historical sources"has long been understood as the proof of"textual criticism school"opposing"historical materials theory"in the research of historical theory,which gives rise to many doubts.In fact,The Aims of Founding the Institute of History and Philologyis the work programme of the Institute of History and Philology.Fu Ssu-nien proposed"anti-general history"in order to realize the accumulation of the work of"gathering people",but he himself did not oppose"general history"in his own study.The most important scientism stand and philosophical premise are ignored in understanding Fu Ssu-nien,no matter regarding him as Lanke’s apprentice or a member of the Neo-Song school of classical philology.As a matter of fact,the core methodology of Fu’s scientific historiography is comparative linguistics.The"linguistic studies"of the Institute of History and Philology are only the study of oral"language"and do not contain"text"that refers to textual criticism.It is precisely on the basis that comparative linguistics had developed a relatively definite typology theory in modern times that Fu Ssu-nien dared to put forward the scientific historiography proposition of reconstructing the scientific ancient history and restoring the Han school of classical philology.Although Fu Ssu-nien,like historicists,opposed the study of historical laws and emphasized the study of historical materials as the basis,his aim was completely different.Under the background of the transformation of modern philosophy,Fu Ssu-nien gave up the position of modern rationalism and turned to the new positivism of coherence theory which was coincided with the"linguistic turn".Besides,his ideas of historical materials are conceptual.