田中正造的思想世界--关于明治儒学的个案研究

The Thought of Shōzō Tanaka: A Case Study on Meiji Confucianism

田中正造并非明治时代最重要的政治家和思想家,但战后日本学界对他的评价颇高,认为其思想中蕴涵着丰富而深刻的环保、和平、公共、人权、生命等内容,甚至有人将其誉为"二十一世纪的思想家"。尽管如此,先行研究对构成其思想底色的儒学影响却鲜有论及。然而,不讨论儒学的影响则无法真正理解田中正造思想的来源和内涵。有鉴于此,本文以儒学对田中正造的影响为线索,努力把握其思想世界的基本特征。正造在幕末的儒学大环境中汲取了大量碎片化的宋学概念和思维模式,并利用这些资源构建了属于自己的思想体系。该思想体系的特征乃是利用"前近代"的儒学自然观和思维模式,对日本的近代化展开了无情的批判,这在明治时代是独具特色的思想实践。

Although Shōzō Tanaka was not a primary politician and thinker at his time, today’s Japanese scholars have a high evaluation of him. They believe that there are profound ideas in Tanaka’s thought, including environmental protection, world peace, public philosophy, human right, and life philosophy. Some scholars even praised him as "the thinker of the 21 st century." But despite this, previous research has little discussion on the Confucian influence, which constitutes an important part of his thought. Tanaka is an intellectual at the late Edo period and the Meiji era. If you don’t discuss Confucianism, you can’t really understand the source and connotation of his thought. This article will discuss the influence of Confucianism on Tanaka and use it as an essential clue to grasp major characteristics of his thought. It points out that Tanaka absorbed a variety of concepts and modes of thinking from Edo Neo-Confucianism to construct his own thoughts. The main feature of Tanaka’s thoughts is to use the "pre-modern" Confucian concept of nature and mode of thought to criticize the modernization of Japan, which was a unique thought practice in the Meiji era.