等同论否定说:法律行为的可撤销与相对无效的关系辨析——以《民法通则》到《民法典》的规范发展为基点

The Negation of the Theory of Equation on the Relationship between Voidable Legal Acts and Relatively Invalid Legal Acts:Based on the Development of Chinese Civil Law

在我国大陆,有民法学理和司法实务把法律行为的可撤销与相对无效等同对待,这种等同论值得商榷。从根源上看,等同论扎根于无效等于法律行为效力瑕疵的观念,但从《民法通则》到《民法典》的规范发展来看,法律行为效力瑕疵形态已多元化,该认识的根基荡然无存。从内涵上看,等同论的容量不足,效力待定也应归入相对无效,但这种内涵扩张没有实益。从效用上看,等同论未顾及无效的全面形态,不仅无法与无效形成区隔,还占用稀缺的术语资源,产生不必要的概念混淆。

In China's Mainland,both legal theory of civil laws and judicial practices think voidable legal acts are same as relative invalidate legal acts,which is named as the theory of equation,but this view is debatable.From the source,it is based on the theory that invalidation and defects of legal acts are treated equally;however this basic no longer exits since forms for defects of legal effect have been diversified due to the development from General Principles of the Civil Law the Civil Code. From the connotation of the theory of equation,effectiveness-pending should be one form of relative invalidation for its insufficient capacity,while there are no benefits for this expansion. This theory also does not consider full forms of invalidation from the perspective of utility. In this case,it is not only difficult to distinguish from invalidation,but it also abuses scarce terminology resources,thus leads to confusions for concepts.