区块链技术背景下参与犯的转型与刑法的体系应对

The Transformation of Joint Offenders and Systematic Responses of Criminal Law in the Context of Blockchain Technology

区块链自由协作的技术特性,将导致犯罪方式在整体上向参与犯的方向倾斜。但区块链的分布式格局,造成了犯罪参与的归责障碍;P2P网络机制,更加凸显参与行为的违法独立性;智能执行模式,将改变犯罪参与的重心及处罚范围;去信赖交往,会彻底颠覆参与人的意思联络要件;去中心化,则否定了平台提供方的监管保证人地位。作为刑法的体系性应对预案,在参与犯的处罚根据上应采取"独立性志向惹起说",承认参与行为的违法独立性,取消主观上的意思联络要件;对于自动执行构造下的实行行为,应类比间接正犯的法理;对共同谋议的处罚前置化,应当受到限制;对于平台提供方不作为的犯罪参与,主要的义务来源应从监管职责转向契约关系;在罪名体系的建构上,应以"技术型手段罪名"作为过渡,以法源分散的专业化罪名体系为发展方向。

The technical characteristics of free cooperation of blockchain will change the crime pattern from separate crime to common crime in general.However,the distributed pattern of blockchain causes obstacles to the liability attribution among participants.The independence of illegality of joint offenders is further highlighted by P2 P network mechanism,and the requirement of contact will be overturned thoroughly.In addition,the automatic execution mode will shift the gravity of crime participating and the scope of punishment,and the decentralized system will deny the regulatory obligation of joint offenders with omissions.Being systematic responses from legal perspective,"Pure Causation Theory"should be considered to interpret the theoretical basis for punishing joint offenders,subsequently,the independence of illegality of joint offenders should be recognized,and contact of the offenders will not be required.Furthermore,the principle of indirect principal offenders should be used to interpret perpetrating act in automatic execution mode,and the punishment of conspiracy should be limited under certain conditions.In respect of the sources of obligations of joint offenders with omissions,it should be shifted from supervision responsibility to contractual relationship.In the construction of technical crime system,the method of"technical means crime"should be adopted in the transitional stage,and the specialized technical crime constitution in scattered legal sources should be adopted in a long term.