穿过公共卫生紧急事件入典的《民法总则》

Incorporation of General Provisions of Civil Law into Civil Code after Public Health Emergency

2017年的《民法总则》成为2020年的《民法典》的第一编时,立法者做出了两处实质性的改动。其一是增加紧急替代监护,这是对公共卫生危机的应对措施;其二是否认了法人人格权的开放性。"其一"忽略了对宠物的准监护的替代安排,这是《民法典》坚持人类中心主义的结果,稍早于《民法典》颁布的新《波多黎各民法典》则赋予了有感动物以准主体的地位,使自己具有了21世纪的民法典的色彩。"其二"排除了法人有形象权。意大利的判例和学说承认私法人和公法人皆有形象权。在公共卫生危机中,我国一些公法人的形象遭到了应有的或不应有的损害,对于不应有的损害,有关主体应援引形象权应对。另外,公共卫生危机揭示了我国资源的有限性和《民法典》采用的自然人概念和自然人权利能力一律平等原则的冲突,尽管学者呼唤回归公民概念和有限平等立场,可惜《民法典》对此无回应。

When the 2017 General Provisions of the Civil Law became the first part of the 2020 Civil Code, legislators made two substantive changes. One is to add the institution of emergency alternative guardianship, which is a response to the public health crisis;the other is to deny the openness of personality rights of legal person. "One" ignores the alternative arrangements of quasi-guardianship for pets. This is the result of the "Civil Code" insisting on anthropocentrism. The new "Puerto Rico Civil Code" promulgated earlier than the "Civil Code" grants sentient animals the status of quasi-subject, this has given it the color of the civil code of the 21 st century. "Second" excludes legal persons from having the right to image. Meanwhile the Italian case law and doctrine recognize that both private and public legal persons have the right to image. In the public health crisis, the image of some public legal persons in our country has suffered due or undue damage. For undue damage, relevant subjects should invoke the right to image to defend themselves. In addition, the public health crisis has revealed the conflict between the limitations of our country’s resources and the concept of natural persons and the principle of equal legal capacity for all natural persons adopted by the Civil Code. Although some scholar call for a return to the concept of citizenship and a position of limited equality, it is a pity that the Civil Code has nothing to do with this.