寒地秸秆还田配套深松对土壤肥力及花生生长和产量的影响

Effects of Straw Returning and Subsoiling on Soil Fertility and the Growth and Yield of Peanut in Cold Region

为明确寒地玉米秸秆还田和深松对土壤肥力、花生生长及产量的影响,以农花5号为试材,设置旋耕(T1)、旋耕+深松(T2)、旋耕+秸秆还田(T3)、旋耕+深松+秸秆还田(T4)4个处理,进行长期定位试验,测定土壤水分、容重、孔隙度、土壤养分、根系形态和产量。结果表明,深松和秸秆还田处理下,0~40 cm土层土壤孔隙度显著增加,土壤容重显著降低,0~20 cm土层土壤含水量显著增加;与T1处理相比,T3和T4处理可显著增加土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾的含量,尤以全氮和碱解氮含量增加幅度最大,而T2处理的养分变化不显著;T2和T4处理下花生总根长、根表面积和根体积均高于其他处理,且T4处理下的根系干质量和根系活力始终保持在较高水平;T3和T4处理下的单株饱果数、百果质量、百仁质量和荚果产量均显著增加,且T4处理产量增加幅度较大,而T2处理下各产量指标变化不显著。由此可见,在秸秆还田配套深松措施中,秸秆还田可以增加以氮素为主的土壤养分含量,深松可以改善土壤结构、促进根系生长、维持根系活力,从而实现花生增产,而仅冬前25 cm深松措施并不能显著促进花生产量的增加。

To explore the effects of straw returning and subsoiling on soil fertility and the growth and yield of peanut in cold region,Nonghua5 was used as the test material,and four treatments of rotary tillage(T1),rotary tillage and subsoiling(T2),rotary tillage and straw returning(T3),and rotary tillage,straw returning and subsoiling(T4)were set for a long-term positioning test,and the soil water content,soil bulk density,soil porosity,soil nutrients,root morphology and yield of peanut were determined.The results showed that,under straw returning and subsoiling treatments,the soil porosity significantly increased and the soil bulk density significantly decreased,respectively,in 0~40 cm soil layer,and the soil water content in 0~20 cm soil layer increased significantly.Compared with T1,the content of organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium in soil significantly increased in T3 and T4,and the content of total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increased the most,while the changes of soil nutrients in T2 were not obvious.The total root length,root surface area and root volume of peanut plants in T2 and T4 were higher than other treatments,and the dry mass and root vigor in T4 were always maintained at a higher level.The number of full pods per plant,100-pod mass,100-kenel mass and yield in T3 and T4 were all significantly increased,and the increase level of yield in T4 was higher,while the changes of yield and its components in T2 were not significant.Thus,in straw returning-subsoiling system,straw returning can in-crease the content of soil nutrients mainly on nitrogen,and subsoiling can improve the soil structure,promote root growth,and maintain root vitality,thus to increase the peanut yield.While 25 cm depth subsoiling before winter alone cannot significantly promote the increase of peanut yield.