中唐曹操形象“臣僚化”新变研究

The Image Change of Cao Cao in the Middle Tang Dynasty

自曹魏至清代,曹操的文学形象发生了颠覆性的变化。通常学界认为从宋代开始,曹操的形象开始定型为窃国权奸。然而学界并没有关注到,中唐时期的文学作品中大量存在臣僚形象的曹操。尤其是在诗歌作品中,文人经常以曹操来自比或比人,形成了曹操形象“臣僚化”的现象。中唐官僚的产生方式和政权组织形式,使得文人群体更加倾向于认为曹操是权臣而非君主。可以说,曹操形象与中唐时期权力生产方式之间,实际是互为表里的关系。因此,中唐时期是曹操形象演变史中的过渡阶段,中唐作品中“臣僚化”的曹操正是此后奸臣曹操的先声。

From the Wei Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,the literary image of Cao Cao changed dramatically.Generally,scholars think that from the Song Dynasty,Cao Cao’s image began to be shaped as a traitor.However,the academia did not pay attention to the fact that Cao Cao in a large number of literary works of the middle Tang Dynasty as a minister.Especially in the poetry works,the literati often compare themselves or others to Cao Cao.This forms the phenomenon of“bureaucratization”of the image of Cao Cao.The mode of bureaucrat production and the form of political organization in the middle Tang Dynasty made the literati group more inclined to think that Cao Cao was a powerful official rather than a monarch.It can be said that the relationship between the image of Cao Cao and the mode of power production in the middle Tang Dynasty is actually one of exterior and interior.Therefore,the middle Tang Dynasty is a transitional period in the evolution of Cao Cao’s image.Cao Cao,who was thought as a minister in the middle Tang Dynasty,is the forerunner of treacherous Cao Cao.