重访青年恩格斯的政治经济学研究——基于《国民经济学批判大纲》的考察

Critique of Political Economy in Young Engels Revisited:A Study Based on the Outlines of a Critique of National Economy

《国民经济学批判大纲》是青年恩格斯初步研究政治经济学所形成的一部代表性著作。该文在《德法年鉴》发表后对青年马克思的政治经济学研究产生了重大影响,并且后来被马克思誉为"批判经济学范畴的天才大纲"。它的写作直接服务于青年恩格斯对社会主义理论与实践的考察,其有关私有财产的批判中折射出恩格斯仍然受人本主义方法的影响,有关价值和土地问题的理解仍然受到古典政治经济学及其庸俗化阐释的影响。《大纲》中价值概念背后的生产问题的发现,对马克思进一步研究政治经济学具有启发意义。恩格斯从国民经济学的研究(特别是劳动和资本对立关系的分析)走向对工厂制度和工人阶级状况的考察,发现了经济事实这一现代世界的决定性历史力量。马克思通过对国民经济学的研究(尤其是对工业和动产的分析),把握了国民经济学和黑格尔思辨哲学的内在关联,开始意识到人本主义自身的理论困境。尽管在具体理论道路上略有差异,政治经济学批判构成了马克思恩格斯共同走向唯物史观的新的理论起点。

Outlines of a Critique of National Economy,defined as a"brilliant sketch on the criticism of economic categories"by Marx in 1859,is the most typical work in young Enegls’studies of political economy,and influenced young Marx a lot after its being published in German-French Yearbook.The background of this article is Engels’s analyses of Engelish Socialist movements,and the theoretical method in it is humanism.In this article,the interpretations of value and rent are influenced more ore less by the vulgar interpretations on classical political economy posed by McCulloch,but the discovery of production issues beneath the concept of value and the description of industrial manufacture illuminated Marx’s approaches.Compared with Outlines of a Critique of National Economy,Marx in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 criticized the mysticism of private property in Hegel’s state theory,seized the inner connections between national economy and Hegel’s speculative dialectic,and began to noticed the weak point of the humanist theory.It is to be argued that,although in young Marx and young Engels there are differences of political economy studies,critique of political economy is the key corner stone in their way to historical materialism.