生态区对不同熟期玉米品种生长发育与有效积温生产效率的影响

Effects of Ecological Zone on Growth and Development and Effective Accumulated Temperature Production Efficiency of Maize Varieties Differing in Maturity

东北和华北是我国重要的两大玉米种植区域,为促进玉米品种科学布局与推广,本研究以不同熟期的9个玉米品种为试验材料,于2014和2015年在哈尔滨和北京同步开展试验,研究不同热量资源下极早熟、中早熟和中晚熟品种的生长发育进程、积温需求及积温利用特征。结果表明:在热量资源充沛的北京,玉米营养生长和生殖生长阶段的积温需求随熟期延长呈递增趋势,而在热量资源有限的哈尔滨,营养生长阶段积温需求随品种熟期延长而增加,而生殖生长阶段积温随熟期延长而减少,熟期较长的品种通过自我调节生殖生长阶段的热量需求,对热量资源不足做出响应与适应。在热量资源有限的哈尔滨,中早熟品种可正常成熟,同时最大限度利用热量资源,积温利用率平均92.64%,积温生产效率平均8.14 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1,而中晚熟品种存在不能正常成熟的风险;在热量资源充沛的北京,即使中晚熟品种,其积温利用率也仅有75.50%,积温生产效率平均7.19 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1,存在积温浪费现象;在哈尔滨地区,积温生产效率主要受播种至吐丝阶段的有效积温影响,而在北京地区,积温生产效率主要受出苗至成熟阶段的日平均气温影响。综上,东北春玉米区,为适应玉米全程机械化作业需求,不宜采用积温满贯型品种过度追求积温利用率,以留出100~130℃·d有效积温空间为宜;华北春玉米区可进一步提高积温利用率。

Northeast and north China is China′s important maize planting area.In order to promote the scientific distribution and popularization of maize varieties,nine maize hybrids differing in maturity duration were planted in Harbin and Beijing at the same time in 2014 and 2015 to study their growth and development process and characteristics of accumulated temperature demand and utilization in different thermal resources.The results showed that in Beijing experiment with abundant thermal resources,both accumulated temperature allocated to vegetative and reproductive growth increased progressively with prolongation of growth,but in Harbin experiment with limited thermal resources,accumulated temperature allocated to vegetative increased progressively and those allocated to reproductive growth decreased with prolongation of growth,and varieties with longer ripening periods self-regulated their heat requirement during reproductive growth to respond and adapt to limited thermal resources.In Harbin,the mid-early maturing varieties could mature normally and made maximum use of thermal resources with average accumulated temperature utilization rate of 92.64%and average accumulated temperature production efficiency of 8.14 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1,however,the mid-late maturing varieties had the risk of failing to mature normally.In Beijing,even mid-late maturing varieties had accumulated temperature waste phenomenon that average accumulated temperature utilization rate of 75.50%and average accumulated temperature production efficiency of 7.19 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1.In Harbin area,effective accumulated temperature production efficiency was mainly affected by the effective accumulated temperature from sowing to silking stage,while in Beijing area,accumulated temperature production efficiency was mainly affected by the daily average temperature from seedling emergence to maturity stage.To sum up,northeast spring maize area,in order to adapt to the full mechanized operation of corn demand,should not excessive pursuit of accumulated temperature utilization and the use of accumulated temperature grand slam varieties,and the utilization rate of accumulated temperature can be further improved in spring corn area of north China.