现行国际条约中的单方退出机制研究

A Study of the Unilateral Withdrawal Mechanism in the Exisitng International Treaties

条约是国际法体系的构成基础,条约必须信守原则维护着条约的稳定与持续。然而随着条约签订时间的变迁和缔约国利益的转变,条约的退出行为在所难免。单方退约行为会对多边合作体系带来消极的影响,在当今国际社会单边主义和民粹思想浮现的情况下,如何维护互利共赢的多边体系是对国际条约体系的一次考验。从主权的角度出发,条约退出权是每个国家的固有权利,但与此同时条约必须信守原则、诚信原则等国际法基本原则也对其进行限制。因此,如何界定退约行为的合法性一直缺乏明确的标准,一方面是因为条约中退约条款规定简单缺乏明确的细则,另一方面则是《维也纳条约法公约》中例外条款较为主观,导致退约国能自圆其说。在肯定退约权存在的时候,应该从两个方面完善退约机制,首先是根据条约的性质制定具体详细的退约条款,同时细化国内退约程序以确保国内法与国际法相衔接。让单方退约行为有明确的法律依据能增强条约退出行为的合法性,同时也降低各成员国对投机主义的担忧。

Treaty is the foundation of the international law,while the principle pacta sunt servanda ensures the stability and continuity of treaties.However,with the time going by and the contracting parties’interests changed,treaty withdrawal is inevitable.However,unilateral treaty withdrawal would cause negative influence on the multilateral cooperation system.Nowadays when unilateralism and populism are emerging,how to maintain the mutually beneficial and win-win multilateral system is a test for the international treaty system.From the perspective of sovereignty,the right of treaty withdrawal is the inherent right of each country,but at the same time the principle pacta sunt servanda and good faith principle have also limited this right.Therefore,there have been no clear standards on the legitimacy of unilateral treaty withdrawal,because the withdrawal clauses are too simple and lack clear rules,and on the other hand the exception clause in Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is fairly flexible,through which the countries involved can justify themselves for withdrawal.In the affirmation that there exists the right of treaty withdrawal,improvement should be made from two aspects:the first is to set specific clauses based on the nature of the treaty,and at the same time it is also important to refine the domestic withdrawal procedures to match the international law.Thus,it can enhance the legitimacy of the withdrawal right by clear clauses,and at the same time it also can reduce contracting parties’concerns over opportunism.