西方马克思主义对卢梭的政治哲学解读:以德拉-沃尔佩、阿尔都塞及朗西埃为例

Interpretation of Rousseau's Political Philosophy by Western Marxism:Take Della-Volpe,Althusser and Rancière for Example

关于卢梭政治哲学的当代价值与意义问题,不仅存在着自由主义的否定性与共和主义的同情式理解的分歧,而且存在着马克思主义内部的纷争。在西方马克思主义之中,以德拉-沃尔佩为代表对卢梭的民主政治哲学作出了“近马克思主义”的充分肯定的理解,而阿尔都塞则以一种解构阅读方式指出卢梭的“社会契约论”是一个矛盾重重、根本“不可能实现”的意识形态国家机器陷阱。作为阿尔都塞的学生,朗西埃同样以一种解构的方式,先是指出了卢梭式的共和主义的共同体民主政治之不可能性,但随后又认为现代民主的可能形式是一种充满着歧义与纷争的冲突过程。迥然相异的解读模式说明卢梭仍然是当代政治哲学不可绕过的重要思想资源。但由于缺少直接的政治实践经验,西方马克思主义对卢梭政治哲学的过于文本化的解读,并没有给我们提供具有建设启示意义的现代民主社会具体的治理体系理论与实践方案。

On the contemporary value and significance of Rousseau's political philosophy,there are not only differences between the negativity of liberalism and the sympathetic understanding of republicanism,but also disputes within Marxism.Among Western Marxism schools,some scholars,with Della-Volpe as their representative,make a fully positive understanding of Rousseau's democratic political philosophy,which is“near Marxism”,while Althusser puts forward in a deconstructive reading way that Rousseau s“social contract theory”is an ideological state machine trap of contradiction and fundamental“impossibility”.As a student of Althusser,Rancière also points out the impossibility of Rousseau's republicanist community democracy in a way of deconstruction,but later he believes that the possible form of modern democracy is a conflict process full of ambiguity and dispute.Those different modes of interpretation show that Rousseau is still an important ideological resource that cannot be bypassed in contemporary political philosophy.However,due to the lack of direct political practice experience,the over textual interpretation of Rousseau's political philosophy by Western Marxism does not provide us with the specific governance system theory and practice scheme of modern democratic society with the significance of construction.