小冰麦研究回顾与展望——纪念郝水院士逝世10周年

Retrospective and perspective of wheat-wheatgrass studies—Commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the pass away of Academician HAO Shui

小麦是人类最主要的粮食作物之一,它的形成经历了两次天然杂交和多倍化事件,近年来人们一直将小麦与近缘物种进行远缘杂交,培育抗性和品质提高的小麦新品种.天蓝冰草是小麦的近缘物种,它的基因组中携带小麦不具有的抗病、抗逆、高品质等有益基因.以郝水、何孟元为代表的一批科学家,将普通小麦与天蓝冰草进行远缘杂交,并通过染色体工程手段,将天蓝冰草的优良基因(或染色体片段)整合到小麦基因组中,培育成多个抗病、耐逆、优质的小冰麦新品种.本文综述了对小冰麦的种类、细胞和分子遗传、抗性和品质等方面的研究成果.

Common or bread wheat is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide.Common wheat(Triticum aestivum,L.)is an allohexaploid species with three subgenomes(2n=6x=42,AABBDD);its formation has experienced two separate interspecific hybridization coupled with whole genome duplication(WGD),i.e.,allopolyploidization.Many studies have made by wide-cross hybridization,to breed new wheat varieties with improve resistance and quality.Wheatgrass(Thinopyrum intermedium(Host)P.B.)is one of the many relatives of wheat.Wheat-grass carries many useful genes for wheat improvement,including disease resistance,stress tolerance and elite quality.Many brilliant scientists including Professor Hao Shui and He Mengyuan,conducted interspecific hybridization and chromosomal engineering between wheat and wheatgrass,which enabled the generation of addition,substitution,translocation,and in some cases ectopic introgression lines.These novel materials were then used as breeding materials.By this strategy,a series of elite new wheat cultivars were released,which contain the useful genes of wheatgrass.This article reviews the researches on the types of wheat-wheatgrass,their cytological and molecular genetic traits,resistances and quality.