从结构性暴力到生命社会体——艾滋人类学批判的道德谱系

From Structural Violence to Biosociality: Reflecting on the Moral Manifestations of a Critical Anthropology of Global AIDS

三十多年来,批判医学人类学家在对全球艾滋治理的批判性参与中彰显了自身的道德形貌。他们追寻社会公义,揭露全球疫情背后的结构性暴力并与之“战斗”,帮助推动向全球普及抗病毒药物的医疗人道主义事业。在现场参与这类人道主义项目的过程中,他们进一步省思到道德实践本身的繁复与暧昧。在救助生命的同时,这项事业也将感染者的生命本身作为献祭,以制造新的全球道德与政治秩序。其中,由道德献祭生成的生命社会体既是全球治理的手段与成果,又内蕴新的道德行动潜能。批判艾滋人类学从对艾滋问题的道德化批判,演变为人类学家置身于道德实践之中并对道德本身进行省思的批判性道德人类学,由此持续参与、质询着当代世界。

Since the 1980s, medical anthropologists have been critically engaged in combatting global AIDS with a specific moral tone. In the name of social justice, they fight against structural violence that produces the social suffering of global AIDS epidemic. This moral academic activism contributes to medical humanitarianism that aims to spread antiviral drugs around the world. At the same time, anthropologists participated in the implementation of these humanitarian projects encounter moral ambiguities. HIV-biosociality, a product of these projects, becomes the moral sacrifice and serves as a tool of a new global moral-political governance. However, biosociality also contains the potential to initiate social change. This reflection on the politics of humanitarianism leads to a reconsideration of previous moral critical writings, suggesting a critical moral anthropology that explores the moral makings of the world.