中国诗歌中渔妇形象的演变及其文学史意义

Evolution of Fisherwoman in the Chinese Poetry and Its Significance in the History of Chinese Literature

唐代之前的中国诗歌,渔父很少出现,渔妇更为罕见。唐宋时期的渔妇,仅作为渔人之妇存在,没有取得独立地位,只是渔父生活的附庸,渔父形象的点缀。元明时期的渔妇,由渔人之妇发展到捕鱼之妇人,不倚靠渔父而存活,取得了独立地位,成为独立的审美形象。其中,明代诗歌中渔妇的文化素质有所提高,不再是单纯之捕鱼妇人;本质上属于辛苦勤劳型,超越了宋元渔妇简单的苦乐二分模式;而且,出现了追求美丽的渔妇。清代诗歌中的渔妇,形成爱情与爱美、偕隐之志、女性自我观照三大主题,它们都是清代女性意识觉醒的产物。渔妇形象的演变,与中国江南经济、文化的发展变化密切相关,是时代精神、时代思潮的反映。渔妇以底层劳动者的形象,丰富了中国文学史中的女性形象。

The characters of fishermen especially fisherwomen seldom appeared before the Tang Dynasty in the history of Chinese poetry.In the Tang and Song dynasties,the characters of fisherwomen only existed as fishermen’s wives and did not obtain independent status.They were only the subordinates of fishermen and the embellishment of the fishermen characters.During the Yuan and Ming dynasties,the character of fisherwoman developed from a fisherman’s wife to a fishing woman who did not rely on the fisherman to survive and became an independent aesthetic character.The culture quality of fisherwomen in the poems of the Ming Dynasty have been improved,which were no longer just simple fishing women.The characters of fisherwomen in the Ming Dynasty were the hard-working type which surpassed the dichotomy of bitterness and happiness of fisherwomen in the Song and Yuan dynasties.Moreover,there were fisherwomen who pursued beauty in the poems of the Ming Dynasty.There were three themes of fisherwoman in the poems of the Qing Dynasty:love and love for beauty,living in seclusion with husband and self-care of women.All of them were the product of the awakening of female consciousness in the Qing Dynasty.The evolution of the character of fisherwoman is related to the development and change of economy and culture in the south of the Yangtze River in China.The character of fisherwoman which was as the underlying laborer enriches the women characters in the history of Chinese literature.